Efficient enzymatic conversion of CO2 to methanol was limited by the low CO2 solubility in water (33 mM), and the high-cost of cofactor (NADH) hindered the potential large-scale application. In...

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In this study, an optimized model is proposed for predicting the effective conductivity of nanocomposites, which contains conductive spherical fillers above the percolation threshold. The influence of filler properties, interphase regions, filler concentrations, elemental cell sizes as well as contact area on the effective conductivity of nanocomposites was investigated and discussed in detail.The developed model is verified by using the experimental data reported in the literatures, and it is found that the prediction results are fitted well with the experimental results at different particle concentrations. In addition, high levels of filler conductivity, particle concentration, and elemental cell size led to a good conductivity. The maximum conductivity of nanocomposite with σ eff = 1,500,000 S/m, V f = 0.07, r = 10 À4 nm, and D = 1250 nm is obtained at R i = 40 nm and d = 10 nm. Furthermore, the conductivity of nanocomposite is not sensitive to interphase thickness, when d is larger than 25 nm.

A developed model for estimating the dielectric permittivity of BaTiO3–polymer nanocomposites is proposed by considering the influence of the interphase.

The interphase region widely exists in polymer-based nanocomposites, which affects the dielectric properties of the nanocomposites. General models, such as the Knott model, are often used to predict the dielectric constant of nanocomposites, while the model does not take the existence of interphase into account, which leads to a large deviation between the predicted results and the experimental values. In this study, a developed Knott model is proposed by introducing the interphase region and appropriately assuming the properties of the interphase. The modeling results based on the developed model are in good agreement with the experimental data, which verifies the high accuracy of the development model. The influence of nanoparticle loading on the effective volume fraction is further studied. In addition, the effects of the polymer matrix, nanoparticles, interphase dielectric and thickness, nanoparticle size and volume fraction on the dielectric properties of the nanocomposites are also investigated. The results show that polymer matrix or nanoparticles with a high dielectric and thick interphase can effectively improve the dielectric properties of the materials. Small size nanoparticles with high concentrations are more conducive to improving the dielectric properties of the nanocomposites. This study demonstrates that the interphase properties have an important impact on the dielectric properties of nanocomposites, and the developed model is helpful to accurately predict the dielectric constant of polymer-based nanocomposites.

A developed Rayleigh model that considers the effect of interphase properties is suggested to calculate the dielectric constant of polymeric nanocomposites. In this study, the nanofiller and its surrounding interphase are treated as an ideal particle, named as the equivalent nanoparticle. It has a core−shell configuration. Modeling results based on the developed Rayleigh model are confirmed experimentally, showing that the predicted dielectric constant is in accordance with experimentally determined values, which indicates the high accuracy of the developed model. In addition, the effects of nanofiller parameters and interphase properties along with base resin properties on the dielectric properties of polymeric nanocomposites are further explored. It can be found that the interphase region with a higher thickness and a higher dielectric constant will result in a polymeric nanocomposite with better dielectric constant. Simultaneously, nanofillers with a small diameter and a high volume fraction will increase the dielectric constant of nanocomposites. Furthermore, high dielectric constant polymer matrices and nanoparticles exhibit a positive effect on the dielectric constant of nanocomposites, while the dielectric constant of polymer matrices plays a leading role in the dielectric constant of nanocomposites. The developed Rayleigh model presents an efficient mathematical tool for predicting the polymeric nanocomposite's dielectric constant with different kinds of polymer matrix and nanofillers.