Microorganisms play a substantial role in the aquatic nitrogen cycle. However, the community structures and metabolic potential of microbiota inhabiting subtropical aquaculture ponds are still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the community structure of pond microbiota by amplicons sequencing using the MiSeq sequencing platform and predicted their potential metabolic characteristics. A total of 614 dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected from 27 samples, of which 61 were dominant in more than half of the samples. Many of the taxa observed in this study have known roles in nitrification and denitrification. In addition, most genes related to nitrogen metabolism were detected using a predictive metagenome approach, and a complementary pattern in which ponds had different genes in the same metabolic pathway emerged. These results provide basic information for the management of microbiota to control the nitrogen balance in pond water.
We investigated the potential of carbon dioxide (CO2) fumigation as a method for controlling bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L. The effect of bed bug developmental stage, temperature, and CO2 concentration on the minimum time to kill 100% of bed bugs was determined. The minimum CO2 concentration lethal to all bed bug stages was approximately 30% with 24 h exposure time at 25 degrees C. The minimum fumigation time required to kill 100% of eggs using 100% CO2 at 20, 25, and 30 degrees C were 3, 7, and 8 h, respectively; the minimum fumigation time to kill 100% of adult males/nymphs were 8, 13, and 14 h, respectively. The minimum time to kill 100% of adult males/nymphs using 50 and 70% CO2 at 25 degrees C were 18 and 16 h, respectively. We found that eggs were not completely killed after 24 h fumigation when the CO2 concentration was lower than 80%. Thus, bed bug eggs were more susceptible to 100% CO2 fumigation than nymphs and adult males but more tolerant than nymphs and adult males with lower CO2 concentration (50-80%). There were no significant differences among nymphs, adult males, and adult females in their susceptibility to 100% CO2 fumigation. A 24 h fumigation in sealed 158 liter (42 gallon) heavy duty garbage bags filled 90% full with fabric materials and/or boxes and 1,350 g dry ice per bag was sufficient to kill all stages of bed bugs hidden in the materials at room temperature (23-24 degrees C). Sealed heavy duty garbage bags maintained > or = 94% CO2 for at least 24 h. Custom-made double zipper plastic bags (122 x 183 cm) were also used to evaluate the effectiveness of CO2 fumigation for controlling bed bugs. Each bag was filled with fabric and boxes to 50-90% full. Bed bugs were hidden in various locations of each bag. CO2 was introduced into the bags through a CO2 cylinder. CO2 fumigation lasting 24-48 h was sufficient to kill all stages of bed bugs at room temperature, depending on the quantity of materials placed in each bag and whether CO2 was introduced one or two times at the onset. CO2 is an effective alternative to conventional fumigants for eliminating bed bugs hiding in infested household items such as clothing, shoes, books, electronics, sofas, and so forth.
The Sel-W gene encoding avian selenoprotein W was cloned into the vector pGEX-6p-1 with GST tag. The recombinant protein Sel-W was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) after induction with 1 mM IPTG. Female 10-week-old BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified Sel-W recombinant protein emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Two monoclonal antibodies against the Sel-W, 1B8 and 4H5, were produced by lymphocyte hybridoma technique. Subtypes of the MAbs 1B8 and 4H5 were all IgM, and their ascitic fluid titers were 1:2800 and 6400, respectively. In specificity, the MAbs 1B8 and 4H5 showed positive reaction with the recombinant Sel-W protein with GST tag and the synthesized Sel-W protein, and could not react with the GST tag and the recombinant Sel-N protein. In sensitivity, the detection limits of the MAbs 1B8 and 4H5 for the recombinant Sel-W protein and the synthesized Sel-W protein were 39 ng/mL and 52 ng/mL, respectively. These data suggest that the MAb 1B8 and 4H5 will have a potential use for detection and function analysis of the avian Sel-W.
Deyeuxia angustifolia were grown under three different levels of CO2concentration conditions, 370μmol mol-1(ambient CO2), 550μmol mol-1(elevated CO2) and 700μmol mol-1(elevated CO2) respectively. We investigated the responses of photosynthesis and growth ofD.angustifoliaunder different CO2concentration conditions. Leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll content were checked. The results showed that the values of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2concentration (Ci), transpiration (E), chlorophyll content were influenced by the elevated CO2concentrations. The photosynthetic parameters changed in parallel with CO2enrichment. CO2enrichment in short term improved the photosynthetic ability of leaves, whereas the capacity was weakened under long-term elevated CO2concentration condition. The leaves ofD.angustifoliagrown under elevated CO2concentrations at the end of growth, had lower Pn, Gs, Ci, E and chlorophyll content than those grown and measuered under ambient CO2concentration. The results indicated thatD.angustifoliaappeared photosynthetic acclimation.
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