Lithium dendrite growth dynamics on Cu surface is first visualized through a versatile and facile experimental cell by in operando transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM). Galvanostatic plating and stripping cycle(s) are applied on each cell. Upon plating/stripping at ∼1 mA cm −2 , mossy lithium is clearly found growing and shrinking on the Cu surface as the application time increases. It is interesting to note that the aspect ratio (height/width) of deposited lithium has increased with charge passed during plating, indicating a faster growing from the base. In addition, the dendritic or mossy lithium has also been observed when various high current densities (25, 12.5, and 6.3 mA cm −2 ) are applied in different cycles, showing a severe dendritic lithium formation that could be induced by inhomogeneous current distribution. The clear structure of dead lithium is found after the cycling, which also shows a lower efficiency and higher hazard when a higher current density is applied. This work explores TXM as a useful tool for in operando dynamic visualization and quantitative measurement of lithium dendrite, which is difficult to achieve with ex situ measurements and other microscopy techniques. The understanding of the growth mechanism from TXM can be beneficial for the development of safe lithium ion and lithium metal batteries.

The present paper showed the epidemiology of sarcopenia, and the strong connection to functionality indicators. However, sarcopenia was not associated with cardiometabolic risk or carotid intima media thickness in the present study.

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Trace water content in the electrolyte causes the degradation of LiPF, and the decomposed products further react with water to produce HF, which alters the surface of anode and cathode. As a result, the reaction of HF and the deposition of decomposed products on electrode surface cause significant capacity fading of cells. Avoiding these phenomena is crucial for lithium ion batteries. Considering the Lewis-base feature of the N-Si bond, 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole (1-TMSI) is proposed as a novel water scavenging electrolyte additive to suppress LiPF decomposition. The scavenging ability of 1-TMSI and beneficiary interfacial chemistry between the MCMB electrode and electrolyte are studied through a combination of experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. NMR analysis indicated that LiPF decomposition by water was effectively suppressed in the presence of 0.2 vol % 1-TMSI. XPS surface analysis of MCMB electrode showed that the presence of 1-TMSI reduced deposition of ionic insulating products caused by LiPF decomposition. The results showed that the cells with 1-TMSI additive have better performance than the cell without 1-TMSI by facilitating the formation of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer with better ionic conductivity. It is hoped that the work can contribute to the understanding of SEI and the development of electrolyte additives for prolonged cycle life with improved performance.

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DFT and in situ SERS revealed that the shuttle mechanism and Li anode passivation are suppressed by preferential nano-sized TiO2/polysulfide adsorption.

This work provides various methods for understanding the mechanism of a novel spinel high-entropy oxide (Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Ti0.2)3O4 in energy storage applications.

A 4-week CH-based interdisciplinary PAC programme significantly promoted functional recovery and reduced 12-month mortality by 62% for older post-acute patients.