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An experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) on contralateral kidney, liver and lung by histopathological and biochemical methods. Twelve New Zealand rabbits were allocated to two groups (n = 6). Tissues of control group (CG, n = 6) were harvested without any intervention. In ESWL group (EG), right kidneys were exposed to 3,000 shock waves at 14 kV energy using electro-hydraulic type ESWL device three times every other day. Both kidneys, liver, and right lobe of lung tissues in EG were harvested on seventh day. Kidneys were examined histopathologically for presence of glomerular and tubular injury, interstitial edema, congestion, inflammation and fibrosis. Livers were examined for hepatocyte vacuolization, congestion, portal inflammation and fibrosis. Lung tissues were examined for loss of normal structure, emphysema, interstitial congestion-edema, prominent alveolar septal vessels, interstitial inflammation, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, intraluminal hemorrhage, peribronchial edema, congestion, inflammation in bronchial wall and epithelial desquamation. Biochemical analysis of tissue samples was performed for oxidative injury markers. Histopathological evaluations revealed that tubular injury was found in both shocked and contralateral kidneys (p < 0.05). EG showed higher grades of portal fibrosis in liver and higher grades of peribronchial congestion in lung when compared to CG (p < 0.05). Biochemical evaluations of both kidneys showed that malondialdehyde levels were higher in EG than in CG (p < 0.05). ESWL causes histopathologic alterations both in shocked and contralateral kidneys. Extrarenal tissues such as liver and lung can be affected by shock waves histopathologically and oxidative injury of contralateral kidney may occur acutely after ESWL.

Background/aim: An experimental study was performed to evaluate the effect of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) on the distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in rabbit renal pelvis and proximal ureter.Materials and methods: Six New Zealand rabbits were included. Right kidneys were exposed to a total of 3000 shock waves (14 kV) by using an electrohydraulic-type ESWL device. Right sides were allocated as the ESWL group (EG, n = 6) and left sides as the control group (CG, n = 6). Tissues were harvested on day 7. Tissues were examined histopathologically for the presence of edema, inflammation, congestion, hemorrhage, fibrosis, and vascularization. Mast cell tryptase and CD117 (c-kit) staining was performed for ICC distribution.Results: Although increased tissue edema in renal pelvises and increased inflammation in ureters were observed in EG, no statistical difference was detected between groups (P > 0.05). In CG, positive CD117 staining was detected in 2 renal pelvises and ureters. None of the EG samples showed CD117 staining and no statistical difference was detected between groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion:Rabbit does not appear to be a good model for investigating ICCs. ESWL may cause histopathological alterations in the renal pelvis and ureter. Since it has not been statistically proven, reduced contractility of the ureter after ESWL may not be attributed to altered distribution of ICCs in the renal pelvis and ureter.

In experimental testicular torsion, ischemic changes can be detected by PDUS power/angio mode using blood flow alterations as early as the second hour. Tissue damage cannot be evaluated within the first 2 hours of torsion with B-mode ETX analysis.

Breast masses are very rare in infants and premature telarche due to excessive endogen or exogenous estrogens is the most common presentation during infancy. Myofibroblastoma is a stromal tumor of the breast, occurring especially in elder males. This breast mass has a close relationship between androgen receptors and has not been reported in infants previously. A 10-month old male baby with a left breast mass, which is diagnosed as myofibroblastoma, is discussed to evaluate the clinical features and treatment modalities of breast myofibroblastomas in children.

A prospective study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of suspected dysfunctional voiding (DV) and associated risk factors in children with asthma. The DV is defined as any voiding symptoms and/or urinary incontinence. Children (4-10-year-old) with asthma (n=178) and healthy subjects (n=197) were enrolled. DV and Incontinence Scoring System were administrated. Demographic features and asthma related characteristics were recorded. Suspected DV was noted in 19 (27.9%) of patients with asthma and 5 (6.6%) of healthy subjects in children younger than 6 years of age (p=0.001). In this patient group, asthma increased the risk of suspected DV (OR=5.7 (95% CI 1.988 to 16.344)). Children with asthma older than 6 years of age had similar prevalence of suspected DV but they had higher frequency of voiding and urgency. Asthma is associated with higher DV symptom scores in younger children who have already completed toilet training and with some of DV symptoms such as frequency and urgency in older children.