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Abstract-Estrogen has been demonstrated to promote therapeutic reendothelialization after vascular injury by bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization and phenotypic modulation. We investigated the primary hypothesis that estrogen regulates physiological postnatal vasculogenesis by modulating bioactivity of BMderived EPCs through the estrogen receptor (ER), in cyclic hormonally regulated endometrial neovascularization. Cultured human EPCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB-MNCs) disclosed consistent gene expression of ER ␣ as well as downregulated gene expressions of ER ␤. Under the physiological concentrations of estrogen (17␤-estradiol, E2), proliferation and migration were stimulated, whereas apoptosis was inhibited on day 7 cultured EPCs. These estrogen-induced activities were blocked by the receptor antagonist, ICI182,780 (ICI). In BM transplanted (BMT) mice with ovariectomy (OVX) from transgenic mice overexpressing ␤-galactosidase (lacZ) regulated by an endothelial specific Tie-2 promoter (Tie-2/lacZ/BM), the uterus demonstrated a significant increase in BM-derived EPCs (lacZ expressing cells) incorporated into neovasculatures detected by CD31 immunohistochemistry after E2 administration. The BM-derived EPCs that were incorporated into the uterus dominantly expressed ER ␣, rather than ER ␤ in BMT mice from BM of transgenic mice overexpressing EGFP regulated by Tie-2 promoter with OVX (Tie-2/EGFP/BMT/OVX) by ERs fluorescence immunohistochemistry. An in vitro assay for colony forming activity as well as flow cytometry for CD133, CD34, KDR, and VE-cadherin, using human PB-MNCs at 5 stages of the female menstrual-cycle (early-proliferative, pre-ovulatory, post-ovulatory, mid-luteal, late-luteal), revealed cycle-specific regulation of EPC kinetics. These findings demonstrate that physiological postnatal vasculogenesis involves cyclic, E2-regulated bioactivity of BM-derived EPCs, predominantly through the ER␣. (Circ Res. 2007;101:598-606.)Key Words: estrogen Ⅲ endothelial progenitor cell Ⅲ estrogen receptor Ⅲ physiological postnatal vasculogenesis I n the female reproductive system, neovascularization is a recurring phenomemnon controlled by cyclic development of transient structure and cyclical repair of damaged tissue. 1 The ovarian sex steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone, are primarily uterotropic and control the cyclical patterns of uterine cell proliferation and vascular growth that occur throughout the nonpregnant menstrual cycle. Given the synchronized nature of neovascularization in this cyclical mannter, it is assumed that angiogenic growth factor expression is induced by steroid hormones and regulates blood vessel formation in reproductive organogenesis. [2][3][4][5] Despite clinical evidence for the significant role of steroid hormones in endometrial neovascularization, further investigation using in vitro and in vivo experiments have yielded inconclusive results regarding pathophysiological mechanisms in angiogenesis. 6 -10 Moreover, estrogen has been sh...

Background: The number of patients with food allergy has increased dramatically over the last several decades. However, there is no effective drug for food allergies. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of kakkonto, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, in a mouse model of food allergy with gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods: BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized twice with ovalbumin (OVA) and then were repeatedly given OVA by oral intubation (OVA mice). Kakkonto was administered orally before the OVA challenges. Results: The OVA mice developed allergic diarrhea (91.8 ± 3.8% after 6 OVA challenges), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was dramatically elevated in the colons of the OVA mice. Kakkonto significantly suppressed the occurrence of allergic diarrhea and MPO activity in the OVA mice. Furthermore, the number of mucosal mast cells was greatly increased in the proximal colons of the OVA mice, and this was also suppressed by kakkonto. Interestingly, mRNA expression of helper T cell type 1 (Th1) cytokines (IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) were significantly upregulated in the proximal colons of the OVA mice, an effect which was also reduced by kakkonto. Transcriptome analysis detected increased mRNA expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in the proximal colons of OVA mice, which was decreased by kakkonto administration. Conclusion: Kakkonto has immunosuppressive effects and interferes with the infiltration of mucosal mast cells in the colons of mice with induced food allergy, leading to improvement of allergic symptoms. Kakkonto has potential as a therapeutic drug for treatment of allergic symptoms induced by the disruption of intestinal mucosal immunity.

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