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Namnam (Cynometra cauliflora L) and trigona honey are two potential natural ingredients to b e developed in Indonesia. However, scientific evidence of their active compounds and b ioactivity is still rarely found, particularly the combination of these two materials. Therefore , this research aimed to explore the active ingredients of the combination of the two materials, i.e. total phenolic, flavonoids, vitamin C and βcarotene and its b ioactive capabilities such as antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity. The analysis showed the methanol extract of Nam nam leaves (EMDN) and trigona honey either in their sole form or combined form has antioxidant and antib acterial activity. The EMDN was more active to Staphylococcus aureus (23.7±3.3 mm) than to Escherichia coli, while the Trigona honey (MT) more active to Escherichia coli (32.6±4.4 mm) than Staphylococcus aureus (16.6±4.1 mm). Similarly, the combination of EMDN and MT showed higher activity to Escherichia coli (23±1.9 mm) than Staphylococcus aureus (17.6±2.6 mm). Analysis of the antioxidant activity also showed that EMDN provided the highest activity with an IC 50 of 0.0048±0.000 mg/mL), while a comb ined EMDN and MT had an IC 50 of 0.0085±0.000 mg/mL) and MT with an IC50 of 3.736±0.112 mg/mL. Moreover, this analysis also showed that sole samples of MT and EMDN have total phenolic content, flavonoids, and vitamin C that were higher than the comb ination of MT and EMDN. However, the content of β-carotene in the combined form of MT and EMDN was higher. Thus trigona honey, methanol extract of leaves Nam nam (Cynometra cauliflora L) in a single form or in a combination are potential to b e utilized and developed as a source of antioxidants and antibacterial in the form of functional food.

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ABSTRACT. The present study examined effects of diazepam (DZP) alone or in combination with ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on feeding behavior as well as body weight in male ddY strain mice at 5 weeks of age. Because we saw no hyperphagic effect of DZP with or without THC in mice, we explored the hyperphagia elicitable by DZP. THC [2 (THC2) or 4 (THC4) mg/kg/day s.c.] was given daily for 7 days. For the last day the mice were starved and injected i.p. with DZP (2 mg/kg) 10 min prior to a food or maze test. Controls received vehicle injections. Feeding behavior was measured after giving food for 2 hr. THC4 significantly reduced body weight gain. DZP, with or without THC, induced hyperphagia. THC4 alone also induced hyperphagia that was not significantly affected by DZP. Time taken to find food was extended by DZP and further with THC. Both DZP and THC can therefore interact on food ingestion but synergize on food seeking in mice through different mechanisms.-KEY WORDS: diazepam, feeding behavior, hyperphagia, mouse, tetrahydrocannabinol.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61(4): 351-355, 1999 (2 mg/kg: THC2, n=40, or 4 mg/kg: THC4, n=40) or 0.9% saline (n=40) for 7 days at 06:00 hr. On the 6th day of treatment, the mice were food-deprived from 09:00 to 09:00 on the 7th day. At 08:50 on the last day, DZP (2 mg/kg) or 0.9% saline solution was injected i.p. into half of the mice in both groups. Half of the mice administered DZP and half of the mice administered saline were given food at 09:00. Their food and water consumption were measured every 30 min for 2 hr. In the other half of each of the two groups the time to seek for food in a maze (time to banquet room) was measured. The statistical analysis was by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences were considered statistically significant at p values of less than 0.05. The data were then analyzed further by two-way Student's t-tests. RESULTSChronic DZP treatment, alone or in combination with THC, had no significant effect on body weight gain or daily food intake ( Figs. 1 and 2). DZP alone had no effect on the time to banquet room, but increased it in combination with THC (Fig. 3). THC4, but not THC2, reduced body weight gain (Fig. 4). The effect of THC2 on percentile gain of body weight was significant after 24-hr food deprivation (Fig. 5). Controls gained approximately 10% of their body weight during the 6 days prior to food deprivation. This gain was reduced by THC in a dose-dependent manner. After 24-hr food deprivation, the control group lost the 10% gained over the 6 days, but the THC group lost more weight in a dose-dependent manner.THC2, but not THC4, significantly reduced water ingestion (Fig. 6). The reduced water consumption caused by THC2 was significantly increased with simultaneous DZP. This facilitatory effect of DZP disappeared in combination with THC4. DZP had a significant hyperphagic effect on total food intake for 2 hr after 24 hr starvation, but * CORRESPONDENCE TO : NISHIMURA, M., Department of Pharmacology, University of Obihiro School of Veterinary Medicin...

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This study aimed to evaluate the potential of marine fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum isolated from an Indonesian marine sponge Stylissa sp. as an anti-obesity agent through pancreatic lipase inhibition assay. The fungus was identified as P. lilacinum through morphological and molecular characteristics. The fungal extract’s inhibition activity and kinetics were evaluated using spectrophotometry and Lineweaver-Burk plots. Ethyl acetate and butanol were used for extraction. Both extracts showed pancreatic lipase inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner. Both crude extracts were then fractionated once. All fractionated extracts showed inhibitory activity above 50%, with the highest activity found in fraction 5 of ethyl acetate at 93.41% inhibition. The best fractionated extract had an IC50value of 220.60 µg.mL-1. The most active fraction of P. lilacinum had a competitive-type inhibitor behavior as shown by the value of Vmax not significantly changing from 388.80 to 382.62 mM pNP.min-1, and the Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) increased from 2.02 to 5.47 mM in the presence of 500 µg.mL-1 fractionated extract. Metabolite identification with LC-MS/MS QTOF suggested that galangin, kaempferol, and quercetin were responsible for the observed lipase inhibition.

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