Vitamins are a class of essential nutrients in the body; thus, they play important roles in human health. The chemicals are involved in many physiological functions and both their lack and excess can put health at risk. Therefore, the establishment of methods for monitoring vitamin concentrations in different matrices is necessary. In this review, an updated overview of the main pretreatments and determination methods that have been used since 2010 is given. Ultrasonic assisted extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction are the most common pretreatment methods, while the determination methods involve chromatography methods, electrophoretic methods, microbiological assays, immunoassays, biosensors and several other methods. Different pretreatments and determination methods are discussed.
Carbon-based materials are effective carriers of metal
sulfides
because of their good volume stability and chemical stability, which
can reduce volume expansion of materials and can also inhibit the
interfacial reaction. In this study, Co1–x
S incorporated into three-dimensional porous biomass carbon
skeleton were synthesized by a template method. The three-dimensional
porous carbon with large surface area is favorable for the electrolyte
infiltration. The uniform distribution of Co1–x
S nanoparticles results in a high reversible electrochemical
reaction. The well-designed Co1–x
S/three-dimensional porous carbon structure exhibits outstanding
performance when used as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).
The results show that the transition mental sulfide/three-dimensional
porous carbon structure has broad application prospects in SIBs.
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