Silicon, as a promising next-generation anode material, has drawn special attention from industries due to its high theoretical capacity (around 3600 mAh g−1) in comparison with conventional electrodes, e.g., graphite. However, the fast capacity fading resulted by a large volume change hinders the pragmatic use of Si anodes for lithium ion batteries. In this work, we propose an efficient strategy to improve the cyclability of upcycled Si nanomaterials through a simple battery operation protocol. When the utilization degree of Si electrodes was decreased, the electrode deformation was significantly alleviated. This directly led to an excellent electrochemical performance over 100 cycles. In addition, the average charge (delithation) voltage was shifted to a lower voltage, when the utilization degree of electrodes was controlled. These results demonstrated that our strategic approach would be an effective way to enhance the electrochemical performance of Si anodes and improve the cost-effectiveness of scaling-up the decent nanostructured Si material.
Black phosphorus (BP) with high theoretical capacity has received attention in lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs). Nevertheless, it is difficult to introduce BP to LICs due to poor rate capability and cycling stability. In this study, we implement BP‐based LIC by introducing BP/C composite with improved above mentions problems. The composite exhibits capacities of 2156 and 1088 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 5.0 A g−1, respectively, and good cycling stability over 1000 cycles. It is the results of improved electrical conductivity and mitigated volume expansion by embedded structure with BP in amorphous carbon and covalent bonding at interface. The LIC delivers maximum energy and power density of 178 Wh kg−1 at 30 W kg−1 and 3.0 kW kg−1 at 65 Wh kg−1, respectively, and capacitance retention of 85 % after 5000 cycles. The BP has been successfully introduced into LIC and has the ample potential for application in electric vehicles.
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