Black Phosphorus‐Based Lithium‐Ion Capacitor

Abstract

Black phosphorus (BP) with high theoretical capacity has received attention in lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs). Nevertheless, it is difficult to introduce BP to LICs due to poor rate capability and cycling stability. In this study, we implement BP‐based LIC by introducing BP/C composite with improved above mentions problems. The composite exhibits capacities of 2156 and 1088 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 5.0 A g−1, respectively, and good cycling stability over 1000 cycles. It is the results of improved electrical conductivity and mitigated volume expansion by embedded structure with BP in amorphous carbon and covalent bonding at interface. The LIC delivers maximum energy and power density of 178 Wh kg−1 at 30 W kg−1 and 3.0 kW kg−1 at 65 Wh kg−1, respectively, and capacitance retention of 85 % after 5000 cycles. The BP has been successfully introduced into LIC and has the ample potential for application in electric vehicles.

Black Phosphorus Covalent Bonded by Metallic Antimony Toward High‐Energy Lithium‐Ion Capacitors

“…An ultrahigh energy density of 174.3 W h kg −1 is attainable at a power density of 50.4 W kg −1 , which is still 23.7 W h kg −1 at 21.4 kW kg −1 . The remarkable electrochemical performance of the fabricated Sb@BP/C||AC pouch cell surpasses previous phosphorus‐based LICs reports (e.g., BP/C, [ 13 ] porous HC, [ 42 ] BP/graphene, [ 43 ] spiral graphene, [ 44 ] BP/CNTs, [ 9 ] and BPQD/graphene). [ 45 ] Furthermore, the Sb@BP/C||AC pouch cell exhibits excellent cycling stability in Figure 7i, which maintains over 84.1% capacity retention after 9 000 cycles, surpassing any reported performance of BP‐based supercapacitors.…”

“…[7,8] To ameliorate mentioned issues, the mainly strategy entails the fabrication of phosphorus-carbon composites through regulating preparation process or selecting diverse carbonaceous materials, including graphite, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Super C45/C60, and others. [9][10][11][12][13][14] These carbonaceous constituents not only evince commendable electronic conductivity and ion diffusion capabilities, but also engender new P─C bonding, thereby building robust electronic bridge between the phosphorus and carbon constituents. For instance, Ji et al [5] have testified that BP/graphite composite (mass ratio is 7:3) can exhibit stable cycling stability due to the improved conductive contact area within nanostructured BP and the mitigated volumetric expansion by P─C bonds.…”