Energy, economy and ecological environment complement each other. The coupling and coordination development of them would provide basis for the rational use of energy, economic development, and the protection and restoration of the ecological environment. In this study, the coupling and coordination development of the Australian energy, economy, and ecological environment from 2007 to 2016 were quantitatively investigated by constructing a coupling coordination model based on coupling theory. Results showed that: (1) Australia's comprehensive evaluation index of energy, economy, and ecological environment exhibited an increasing trend. The rising trend of the energy index was obvious, the economy was relatively stable, and the comprehensive evaluation index of the ecological environment strongly fluctuated. (2) The development of energy and the economy, and that of energy and the ecological environment were gradually coordinated, and many unbalanced development patterns were found between the economy and the ecological environment. (3) Four types of coordination were observed in the three subsystems, among them, the barely coordinated categories repeated most often and the coordination degree of the three subsystems tended to grow from the global perspective. Energy, economy, and ecological environment interacted, limited, and promoted one another to form a complex system, through proper coordination, these three subsystems can jointly promote the sustainable development of society in Australia.The academic community's research on energy, the economy, and the environment has experienced the process of "single system-binary system-ternary system." Kraft and Kraft [3] first investigated the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. Grossman and Krueger [4] observed that economic growth and environment quality exhibit an inverted U-shaped curve, which Panayotou [5] called the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship. These studies mainly focused on the binary systems of energy-economy, economy-environment, and environment-energy. With the increasing awareness on energy, the economy, and the ecological environment, people have realized that these binary systems are insufficient to comprehensively and systematically investigate the coordinated development of energy, the economy, and the environment. Therefore, many energy research and environmental protection institutes have cooperated with economists to construct a research framework of the three subsystems and conduct comprehensive research on their coordinated development. In 1995, Hawdon and Pearson [6] investigated the complex relationship between energy, the environment, and economic welfare by using input-output simulations. Oliveira and Antunes presented a multi objective model [7] and a multisectoral energy-economy-environment model [8] and used them to evaluate the effects of economic structure and energy system changes on the environment. Since then, the study of the relationship between the three subsystems has become a new resea...
Urban infrastructure (UI), subject to ever-increasing stresses from artificial activities of human beings and natural disasters due to climate change, assumes a key role in modern cities for maintaining their functional operations. Therefore, understanding UI resilience turns essential. Based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, this paper built a comprehensive evaluation index system for urban infrastructure resilience evaluation. Four municipalities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing in China, were selected for the case study, given their specific significance in terms of geographical location and urban infrastructure scale. Temporal differences of UI resilience in those four cities during 2002–2018 were explored. The results showed that: (1) The various stages of PSR relative importance for the urban infrastructure resilience development in the four cities were different. The infrastructure status, primarily resource environmental benefit, had the most significant effect on urban infrastructure resilience, accounting for 38.73%. (2) While Shanghai ranked first, the levels of urban infrastructure resilience in four cities were generally poor in 2002–2018 with continuously low resilience. (3) Significant differences were found in the resilience levels associated with the three stages of pressure, state and response failing to form a positive development cycle, with the poorest pressure resilience. This paper puts forward some recommendations for providing scientific support for urban resilient infrastructure development in four municipalities in China.
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