An ultrasonography was performed in 21 healthy male calves of Nellore (n = 8), Curraleiro Pe‐duro (n = 7) and Pantaneiro (n = 6) breeds, between 8 and 12 months, with the objective to display information about size, position and ultrasonographic parenchymal patterns of the liver, in addition to the topography of the gallbladder, right kidney and major vessels. The measurements used were dorsal margin distance (DMD) and ventral margin distance (VMD) of the liver, viewable extension (VE) of the liver, the caudal vena cava (CVC), width (CVCW) and depth (CVCD) and the portal vein (PV), width (PVW) and depth (PVD). The measures DMD, VMD and VE were similar, and the organ’s longest visible extension was in 11th ICS. CVC was more frequently observed in the 11th and 10th ICS, despite being visible from the 12th to the 9th ICS in Nellore and still 8th ICS in Curraleiro Pe‐duro and Pantaneiro. CVCD was lower in the 10th and 9th ICS in Nellore. The PV presented higher observation frequency in the 10th ICS. The measures PVD and PVW were higher in Nellore in the 11th, 10th and 9th ICS. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document ultrasonographic findings in three healthy calves. Considering the three breeds, the results show no differences in the ultrasonographic features as regard to the measurements and visualization of the position, size and vasculature of the liver and there was no additional information about the topography of the gallbladder and the right kidney.
An innovative volatolomic approach employs the detection of biomarkers present in cerumen (earwax) to identify cattle intoxication by Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart., Fabaceae (popularly known as barbatimão). S. rotundifolium is a poisonous plant with the toxic compound undefined and widely distributed throughout the Brazilian territory. Cerumen samples from cattle of two local Brazilian breeds ('Curraleiro Pé-Duro' and 'Pantaneiro') were collected during an experimental intoxication protocol and analyzed using headspace (HS)/GC-MS followed by multivariate analysis (genetic algorithm for a partial least squares, cluster analysis, and classification and regression trees). A total of 106 volatile organic metabolites were identified in the cerumen samples of bovines. The intoxication by S. rotundifolium influenced the cerumen volatolomic profile of the bovines throughout the intoxication protocol. In this way, it was possible to detect biomarkers for cattle intoxication. Among the biomarkers, 2-octyldecanol and 9-tetradecen-1-ol were able to discriminate all samples between intoxicated and nonintoxicated bovines. The cattle intoxication diagnosis by S. rotundifolium was accomplished by applying the cerumen analysis using HS/GC-MS, in an easy, accurate, and noninvasive way. Thus, the proposed bioanalytical chromatography protocol is a useful tool in veterinary applications to determine this kind of intoxication. K E Y W O R D S biomarkers, classification and regression trees, cluster analysis, genetic algorithm for a partial least squares, HS/GC-MS, volatile organic metabolites 1 | INTRODUCTION Livestock farming is one of the most important economic activities around the world. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the cattle stocks in 2019 were 1.002 billion head (USDA, 2019). Due to this enormous number of animals, there is an immediate requirement for veterinary biomedical procedures to develop new analytical methods that can ensure the welfare and health of the animals. Thus, these new analytical methods aim at avoiding economic losses due to animal deaths by disorders and intoxication, as well as the spread of diseases that can affect humans by secondary contamination due to
RESUMOAs enfermidades cardíacas em bovinos repercutem em elevados prejuízos econômicos, por afetarem diretamente os índices de produção dos animais acometidos. O diagnóstico das cardiopatias pode ser complementado pelo uso de ferramentas auxiliares como o ecocardiograma. A ecocardiografia é um exame não invasivo com elevada aplicabilidade na clínica de bovinos, com capacidade de fornecer informações sobre a morfologia cardíaca e a função hemodinâmica. Devido à variada aplicabilidade desse exame na buiatria, objetivou-se com essa literatura, agrupar e discutir aspectos relacionados ao seu uso na clínica de bovinos, abordando os parâmetros de normalidade e os achados ecocardiográficos encontrados nas principais enfermidades do coração de bovinos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: cardiopatias, ruminantes, ultrassom. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CATTLE CLINIC ABSTRACTHeart disease in cattle are causes of high economic losses by rebound in animal production rates affected by these diseases, which can have the diagnosis facilitated through tools such as echocardiography. Echocardiography is a diagnostic test with high applicability in cattle clinic to diagnose cardiopathies obtaining information on cardiac morphology and hemodynamic function, non-invasively. Because of the wide applicability of this examination in Buiatrics aimed with this literature, group and discuss aspects related to its use in bovine practice, addressing the normal parameters and echocardiographic findings in major cardiopathies of the bovine species.
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