HighlightsInguinal bladder hernia was accidentally found during surgical procedure for incarcerated inguinal hernia.During procedure urinary bladder wall was lesioned.Physicians should think of this condition in elderly, obese male, with sudden onset of lower urinary tract symptoms.Treatment of this condition is surgical, exception are unfit, asymptomatic patients.Urologist should be consulted to exclude urological malignancy – bladder cancer.

It has been speculated that testosterone stimulates erythropoiesis. We hypothesized that hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis (HD) patients are associated with serum testosterone concentrations. Testosterone, hemoglobin, and other biochemical parameters were measured in a representative sample of 98 chronic HD patients (50 male, 48 female; age 30-90 years, mean 65±13.9 years). We investigated relations among serum testosterone concentration, hemoglobin, ferritin, albumin, body mass index, lean body mass, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), calcium (Ca), P, intact parathyroid hormone, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, Karnofsky performance status, and blood pressure (BP) before and after HD. A statistically significant positive correlation between testosterone and hemoglobin was found in all patients (r=0.25, P<0.01), men (r=0.34, P<0.02), but not in women (r=0.27, P=0.07). Multiple regression analysis for all patients has shown statistically significant association between hemoglobin and testosterone (P<0.001), hsCRP (P<0.005), lean body mass (P<0.05), post-HD systolic (P<0.04), and diastolic BP (P<0.005). Multiple regression analysis in men has shown an association between hemoglobin and testosterone (P<0.04) and post-HD diastolic BP (P<0.04) and in women association between hemoglobin and testosterone (P<0.04), Ca (P<0.03), and post-HD diastolic BP (P<0.03). We found an association between serum testosterone concentration and hemoglobin in male and female HD patients.

Despite being among the ten most common cancers with high recurrence rates worldwide, there have been no major breakthroughs in the standard treatment options for bladder cancer in recent years. The use of a human amniotic membrane (hAM) to treat cancer is one of the promising ideas that have emerged in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of hAM homogenate on 2D and 3D cancer models. We evaluated the effects of hAM homogenates on the human muscle invasive bladder cancer urothelial (T24) cells, papillary cancer urothelial (RT4) cells and normal porcine urothelial (NPU) cells as well as on human mammary gland non-tumorigenic (MCF10a) cells and low-metastatic breast cancer (MCF7) cells. After 24 h, we observed a gradual detachment of cancerous cells from the culture surface, while the hAM homogenate did not affect the normal cells. The most pronounced effect hAM homogenate had on bladder cancer cells; however, the potency of their detachment was dependent on the treatment protocol and the preparation of hAM homogenate. We demonstrated that hAM homogenate significantly decreased the adhesion, growth, and proliferation of human bladder invasive and papillary cancer urothelial cells and did not affect normal urothelial cells even in 7-day treatment. By using light and electron microscopy we showed that hAM homogenate disrupted the architecture of 2D and 3D bladder cancer models. The information provided by our study highlights the detrimental effect of hAM homogenate on bladder cancer cells and strengthens the idea of the potential clinical application of hAM for bladder cancer treatment.

BackgroundBladder cancer is the 7th most common cancer in men. About 75% of all bladder cancer are non-muscle invasive (NMIBC). The golden standard for definite diagnosis and first-line treatment of NMIBC is transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURB). Historically, the monopolar current was used first, today bipolar current is preferred by most urologists. Following TURB, depending on the tumour grade, additional intravesical chemo- or/and immunotherapy is indicated, in order to prevent recurrence and need for surgical resection. Development of new technologies, molecular and cell biology, enabled scientists to develop organoids – systems of human cells that are cultivated in the laboratory and have characteristics of the tissue from which they were harvested. In the field of urologic cancers, the organoids are used mainly for studying the course of different diseases, however, in the field of bladder cancer the data are scarce.ConclusionsDifferent currents - monopolar and bipolar, have different effect on urothelium, that is important for oncological results and pathohistological interpretation. Specimens of bladder cancer can be used for preparation of organoids that are further used for studying carcinogenesis. Bladder organoids are step towards personalised medicine, especially for testing effectiveness of chemo-/immunotherapeutics.