The effects of high temperature and the polyamine spermine on the physiological and biochemical status of garden pea plants were investigated. The plants were preliminary treated with 1 mM spermine and 24 h later were subjected for 48 h to conditions with daily temperature up to 38°C. High temperature stress caused more than 20% decrease of leaf pigments content and significant suppression of net photosynthesis rate. An enhanced level of lipid peroxidation was observed in leaves suggesting that oxidative stress occurred. A decrease in the content of free proline, total phenolics, and hydrogen peroxide accompanied by an increase of the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and guaiacol peroxidase was established in plants subjected to high temperature. The harmful physiological effects of high temperature were alleviated by spraying the plants with spermine. The preliminary application of spermine retarded leaf pigment loss and maintained photosynthetic rate and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as content of non-enzymatic antioxidants.
Winter oilseed rape is an important crop grown in many countries for its valuable oil and protein. One of the main problems of cultivating rapeseed in northern countries is winter survival. The objective of this study was to assess morphological traits and genetic diversity of eleven cultivars of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) grown in experimental fields and to determine the correlation between phenotypic variation, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymorphism and overwintering characteristics. Oilseed rape stand density, height of growth point from the soil surface, thickness of root neck as well as the number of developed leaves per plant were observed for morphological traits analysis. The number of owerwintered plants was evaluated. The genetic variability of 11 oilseed rape cultivars was evaluated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) screening 14 primers, 9 of them being polymorphic and used for further analysis. A total of 84 reproducible RAPD bands were identified among 134 individuals, 73 of the detected DNA bands were polymorphic. Among cultivars Nei's gene diversity ranged in the interval 0.1344-0.0313, Shannon's information index was 0.2022-0.0449. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed a significant genetic diversity among populations (Phi PT = 0.684, p < 0.01). Unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis dendrogram generated on the basis of 73 polymorphic RAPD bands showed a clear separation of all analysed cultivars to different clusters. Dendrogram constructed using five morphological traits divided 11 oilseed rape cultivars into two clusters with one stand-alone cultivar 'DK Secure'. No significant correlation of genetic diversity with morphological traits was obtained. A strong and significant correlation between the oilseed rape overwintering capability and the number of polymorphic loci was obtained only in 2008-2009 season (r = 0.81, p = 0.03).
The interest in phenols and anthocyanins has increased due to their antioxidant properties and to their potential usage as dietary antioxidants in human nutrition. Total phenols and anthocyanin content, composition and stability in berry extracts of blackcurrant interspecific hybrids, and antioxidative activity of extracts was evaluated. Berries of interspecific hybrids accumulated 530 to 614 mg 100 g -1 FW of total phenolic compounds, while 621 mg 100 g -1 FW of phenolics was established in berries of control Ribes nigrum cultivar 'Ben Tirran'. 'Ben Tirran' berries accumulated 444 mg 100 g -1 FW of anthocyanins and higher amount was identified in berries of interspecific hybrids No. 11-13 (R. nigrum × R. petraeum) and No. 57 (R. nigrum × R. aureum), 522 and 498 mg100 g -1 FW respectively. Berry extracts of hybrid No. 11-13 distinguished by the highest antioxidative activity (80%) and it was higher than antioxidant activity of 'Ben Tirran' (70%). Antioxidative activity of all tested berry extracts (70-80%) was twice higher compared to synthetic antioxidant BHT (39%). However correlation between phenolics or total anthocyanin content and antioxidative activity degree was not established. Amount of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside in berries of hybrids No. 57, No. 11-13 and No. 8 ((R. nigrum × R. americanum) × (R. nigrum × R. americanum)) was higher than in berries of 'Ben Tirran'. It was established that cyanidins are more stable anthocyanins in all studied temperature and irradiation conditions. Therefore interspecific hybrids No. 57 and No. 11-13 were the most agronomically valuable hybrids.
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is grown all over the world, and in Lithuania its plots are expanding every year. It is used for oil, feed, fuel, etc. Genetic variability of oilseed rape in Lithuania was analysed employing RAPD molecular markers. Three different random Lithuanian regions in Kėdainiai, Vilkaviškis and Jurbarkas were selected for collecting oilseed rape leaf samples. 'Baldur' (A) leaves were collected in the Kėdainiai region, 'Olano' (O) in the Vilkaviškis region and 'SW Pastell' (P), 'Remy' (R), 'Banjo' (B) in the Jurbarkas region. Nine primers were screened for their ability to produce polymorphic patterns. Eight primers which gave reproducible and distinct amplification products were selected for evaluation of diversity in five oilseed rape cultivars. The test primers generated different polymorphic fragments ranging from 1 to 10 per reaction, with an average of 6.75 bands per primer -in total 54 polymorphic amplification products in the range of 250-1750 bp. Dendrograms based on UPGMA cluster analysis confirmed the suitability of all the primers for the further analysis and showed a significant genetic variation among individuals of different cultivars.
Surprisingly little information is available about adaptations of invasive species in the Baltic countries. Since 1934 Impatiens parviflora DC. was recorded in the suburbs of Vilnius, supposedly it escaped from the VU Botanical Garden. Presently I. parviflora belongs to naturalized species of active distribution. In Lithuania, I. parviflora occurs abundantly in man-disturbed localities -urban sites, roadsides or farmyards. Permanently overmoistured gleyic forest sites are also common habitats of I. parviflora. Our study aimed at selection of RAPD primers for evaluation of genetic variability among geographically contrasting four populations of I. parviflora. Populations growing near the western, southern, northern and eastern borders of Lithuania (Karklė, Ratnyčia, Žagarė, Švenčionys) were selected. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) as the most ubiquitous for plant analysis molecular markers type was selected for evaluation of genetic diversity of I. parviflora populations. Among thirty RAPD primers tested, 222, 250, 269, 340, 474, 516,, OPQ-11 generated the largest amount of DNA bands and were selected for the analyses. For each population, the percentage of polymorphic bands with ten primers was 21-27 (the lowest for Karklė and the highest for Žagarė population), and the number of polymorphic bands ranged in the interval 40-50. Molecular variance among populations was much higher (82%) than within populations. Varying geographically, populations of I. parviflora were sufficiently distinct according to RAPD based principal component analyses, also by UPGMA dendrograms. Pair-wise genetic distance among these populations ranged from 0.349 to 0.583. The obtained data show that distribution of invasive species might bring changes in genetic diversity.Key words: small balsam, Balsaminaceae, polymorphism, invasion, alien species INTRODUCTIONGlobalisation provides vastly expanded opportunities for plant species to be transported to new locations through a wide range of pathways [1]. Alien species might have serious implications for the environment and communities. Urgent problems of Europe include pathways of invasion and elucidation of species traits in determining invasiveness [2]. After introduction of I. parviflora to European botanical gardens at the beginning of the 19th century (e. g. 1837, in Dresden), its intervention to the natural communities was soon observed [3]. It is supposed that in Lithuania I. parviflora escaped from the VU Botanical Garden and in 1934 it was recorded in the suburbs of Vilnius for the first time [4]. Within the last decades in many European countries great attention has been paid to Impatiens glandulifera [5,6]. Investigations of behaviour of sister species, small balsam, are surprisingly scarce despite the fact that it belongs to naturalized species of active distribution [7], presently being very common for cities and intervening deciduous forest communities [8,9]. There is lack of information regarding local differentiation of both alien Impatiens 131Selection of RAPD pri...
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