UVODFinansijski izvještaji zahtijevaju fer i objektivan prikaz bilansnih pozicija. Uslov za kvalitetno fi nansijsko izvještavanje je adekvatan tretman poslovnih događaja. Računovodstveni tretman poslovnih događaja u velikoj mjeri zavisi od usvojenih
UVODKao osnovni cilj istraživanja pokušalo se utvrditi koja grupa faktora ima veći uticaj na strukturu potrošače prilikom izbora o kupovini. Osnovna pretpostavka odnosi se na prednost koja se daje internim faktorima kao psihološkim faktorima koji imaju veći uticaj na potrošače u odnosu na eksterne faktore.Potrošači se nalaze pod stalnim uticajima iz okruženja i reaguju na određene stimulanse, koje dobijaju iz okoline, ali reaguju na način koji je svojstven samoj njihovoj ličnosti. To znači da se osoba ponaša i prihvata određene uticaje na osnovu sopst-
UVODKada posmatramo razvoj izvoznih aktivnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini i trgovinske sporazume koje je potpisala, poput "Sporazuma o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju", "Sporazuma sa Turskom", "Sporazuma CEFTA 2006" može se lako zaključiti da
The private and public sectors are complementary sectors of any economy. There is a clear interdependence between these two sectors, not competitiveness and exclusivity. At the same time, there are certain differences between these two sectors, which are conditioned by the ownership structure, business goals and the like. The public and private sectors have different roles in world economies. In developed western economies, which did not have “excursions” into socialist (planned) economic organization, private property has a long tradition of existence and, accordingly, plays a much more important role in the economic structure of the country. Underdeveloped countries and countries in transition, such as the Republika Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina, introduced the institute of private property after the collapse of socialist organizations. For this reason, as well as for many other reasons, the public sector in underdeveloped and developing countries has a more significant role in the overall economic structure than in developed western countries. The influence of the state on the economy is realized through various mechanisms. In most developed and transition countries, the public sector redistributes about 40% of GDP through taxes and public spending, and in some countries even more. In modern economies, the state is the largest employer employing a significant percentage of the workforce. We defined the research problem of this paper with the question: can and to what extent public institutions can generate their own / own revenues and what is the tax treatment of realized revenues? The subject of the research was the legal basis and a comparative overview of the current legislation in the field of taxes from the point of view of the public sector and the point of view of the private sector. In the first part of the paper, we analyzed the concept and role of the public sector, looking at certain characteristics of the sector in the European Union (EU) and other neighboring countries. In the continuation of our work, we dealt with our own revenues in the public sector in the Republic of Srpska, with a special focus on educational institutions. Guided by this problem, we analyzed the tax treatment of own revenues generated by public institutions in relation to the tax treatment of revenues within the private sector. According to the previous, and the discussion we had in the last part of the paper, we conclude that the basic hypothesis is: public institutions have the right to generate their own revenues, although they are not registered to perform revenue-generating activities, but tax revenues should be treated as and in the private sector, true. To conclude, public institutions are left free to generate their own revenues. However, the results of the conducted analysis raise certain questions, the answers to which need to be sought in future research. What measures need to be taken and what steps do public institutions need to take in order to use the recorded own revenues in order to improve the education system? Therefore, we suggest additional research on this topic, in order to offer quality answers to the questions asked.
Expert testimony is becoming one of the main validation activities in financial crime. It is also amongst the most criticized ones because it can significantly slowdown court proceedings, especially in complex expert assessments, which is often the case with economic and financial subjects. Forensic accounting experts, which are also known as forensic accountants, are increasingly being hired to provide expert evaluation on these subjects. Republika Srpska recognized the need for this profession timely by granting it legal legitimacy.However, little progress has been made in its implementation in practice. This paper analyzes requirements and state of forensic accounting in Republika Srpska, and accordingly makes recommendations for further improvements such as gathering information of better quality that would help in financial investigations. Profession of forensic accountant is interdisciplinary and covers full range of different services, which signals the necessity to unify the criteria globally. So far, no such criteria exist nor are there any indications harmonization. Standard for required knowledge has been set by the American Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE), which certifies financial forensic professionals with certificate in forensic accounting. The established criteria offer a solid basis for the detection, collection and presentation of evidence in the financial fraud expert process. Currently it remains unclear whether the forensic accountant acts alone or as part of an interdisciplinary team.The knowledge currently offered by educators in Republika Srpska cannot bring quality in specific types of services, which primarily require specialist knowledge. For each type of service, it is necessary to define the characteristics, required knowledge and skills that a forensic accountant must possess. In accordance with such requirements, educational programs for forensic accounting need to be modified by providing guidance on their homogenization. Educational programs must be consistent with the actions of other participants in the implementation of forensic accounting, such as users, providers, educators, etc. With synergistic action, it is possible to raise the professional competence of the forensic accountant and align it with the requirements of the market. The ultimate educational outcome is to educate a forensic accountant so that he or she has specialist knowledge in accounting, law and auditing, as well as skills in the effective forensic accounting. Forensic accounting requires continuous learning and skills acquisition in accordance with the guidelines of international standards and recommendations, as well as good practical application. The aim of this paper is to promote forensic accounting and the profession of forensic accountant as an expert with specialist knowledge and skills.The future focus should be on improving the professional integrity of expert witnesses relating to more complex economic crimes, accelerating final report preparation, enhancing supervision of expert witnesses and their work, and sanctioning unprofessional behaviors.
The balance sheet should present the financial position of the company truthfully and objectively. The presentation of the balance sheet requires the use of the best possible estimates and reasonable assumptions that are reflected in the value of the balance sheet items. Estimates are based on historical and other available information at date of the balance sheet. Each estimate carries a risk with an outcome in materially significant adjustments to the present value of assets, liabilities, incomes and expenses in the next financial year. In the absence of a precise method of measurement, an assessment of the financial statement items is made. The use of adequate estimates does not compromise the reliability of the balance sheet. However, due to the uncertainty of business activities and a certain distinctiveness in the understanding of accounting and economic value, balance sheet items may take different values. There are numerous examples of misuse of creative accounting in accounting practice, and when implemented untrue and biased information is published. The motives for such actions are different, ranging from the need of avoiding paying taxes, more profitable business sales, gaining better creditors position and creditors, to the realization of bonuses and management privileges. In addition to management, competent external experts are hired for appraisal work, whose work does not always have to be reliable because an alternative appraiser can be selected or manipulative data can be provided as a basis for assessment. The aim of this paper is to point out the balance sheet items that carry the greatest risks of objective reporting, and to assess the validity of the applied concept (basis) for measurement. The paper also points to possible ways of manipulating the balance sheet: if you want to show a financial result lower than the real one, then the value of assets is shown lower than it really is, and income statement expenses increase, while the situation is reversed if the company wants to show better financial results of the existing ones: then the estimated value of the assets in the balance sheet increases, and the value of the expenses in the income statement decreases. The paper starts from the basic hypothesis that the value assets assessment affects the presentation of the financial position of the company. An important item in the estimates is the assessment of the useful life of fixed assets. These estimates are reviewed annually and changed in accordance with the expected changes and the dynamics of spending the future economic benefits of fixed assets. The hypothesis proof was performed on the example of the analysis of the property position of a large service company for the period from 2004 to 2019. The results indicate that estimates can significantly correct the financial position of the company, and that the analysis of the company should focus on positions that are subject to assessments and that can significantly change the value of the company, instead of cash and liquidity positions that are considered priority in most analysis.
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