Nowadays, dental implants are a prominent therapeutic approach among dentists for replacing missing teeth. Failure in dental implants is a severe challenge recently. The factors which lead to dental implant failure are known. These factors can be categorized into different groups. In this article, we discussed the immunological aspects of implant failure as one of these groups. Cytokines and immune cells have extensive and various functions in peri-implantitis. The equilibrium between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and cells, which involve in this orchestra, has a crucial role in implant prognosis. In conclusion, immune cells, especially macrophages and dendritic cells, almost increased in the patients with implant failure. Also, proinflammatory cytokines were proposed as diagnostic factors according to their higher levels in dental implant rejection.

Background. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a commonly used endodontic biomaterial. The physicochemical properties of MTA have a crucial role in designating clinical outcome, and different factors can affect these properties. Various methods have been used for mixing MTA, including manual, mechanical, and ultrasonic. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of different mixing methods on the physicochemical properties of MTA. Materials and Methods. Electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched up to May 2022. In order to cover gray literature, the ProQuest and Google Scholar databases were also searched to detect theses and conference proceedings. For quality assessment of the included studies, we used a modified version of the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Experimental studies which had assessed at least one property of MTA and compared at least two different mixing methods of MTA were included in this study. All animal studies, reviews, case reports, and case series were excluded. Results. Fourteen studies were included. The results showed that the ultrasonic mixing method significantly improved some MTA characteristics, including microhardness, flowability, solubility, setting time, and porosity. However, the mechanical mixing method improved other properties including flowability, solubility, push-out bond strength, and hydration. The manual mixing method showed inferior results compared to other mixing methods in terms of microhardness, flowability, solubility, setting time, push-out bond strength, porosity, and hydration. Different mixing methods had a similar effect on compressive strength, sealing ability, pH and calcium ion release, volume change, film thickness, and flexural strength of MTA. Conclusion. Mechanical and ultrasonic mixing methods are superior to the manual mixing method in terms of improving physicochemical properties of MTA. No report of selection bias and varieties in methodologies were limitations of evidence.

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It is challenging to completely and predictably regenerate the missing periodontal tissues caused by the trauma or disease. To regenerate the periodontium, there is a need to consider several aspects that co-occur with periodontal development. This study provides an overview of the most up-to-date investigations on the characteristics and immunomodulatory features of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs) and the recent interventions performed using these cells, focusing on cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Keeping in mind the relationship between age and potency of PDLSCs, this work also demonstrates the necessity of establishing dental-derived stem cell banks for tissue regeneration applications. The data were collected from Pubmed and Google Scholar databases with the keywords of periodontal ligament stem cells, tissue engineering, characteristics, and stem cell therapy. The results showed the presence of wide-ranging research reports supporting the usability of PDLSCs for periodontal reconstruction. However, a better understanding of self-restoration for adequate regulation of adult stem cell growth is needed for various applied purposes.

Background: this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the intracanal medicines including Calcium hydroxide (CH), Zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO), Pantoprazole (PP), and Chlorhexidine (CHX) on Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis) in the individual and combinatorial form in in-vitrodesign in order to introduce an effective medicine for eradication of E.faecalis. Methods: E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) was used for bacterial assays. The powder and gel forms of the tested compounds were used in the analysis. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the medicines were evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination using the broth microdilution method. The anti-biofilm effect of medicines were assessed by minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC).The antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of antimicrobial agent combinations were detected using the checkerboard assay and determination of Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI). Time-kill kinetics were done at zero, 2, 4, 6, 8 10, 12, and 24 h. Results: Except the MIC of the NaOCl which was significantly lower than CH, there was no statistically significant difference between groups in MIC, and MBIC. Only the mixture of chlorhexidine and zinc oxide nanoparticles (CHX-nZnO) and the mixture of pantoprazole and zinc oxide nanoparticles (PP-nZnO) had synergic effect against planktonic and biofilm form of the E.faecalis. Except for CHX and nZnO in gel form, other medicines did not show significant anti-biofilm effects against E.faecalis. Furthermore, CHX-nZnO in the gel form showed stronger anti-biofilm effects. Conclusion: Combination therapy would lead to higher antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects against E.faecaliscomparing to conventional intracanal medicaments. Among these medicines, CHX-nZnO showed promising results.