An on-line isotope dilution technique is developed by coupling commercial flow injection instruments with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Application of the technique is demonstrated by the determination of lead concentrations in diverse standard reference materials. The precision of the method, using optimum sample to spike ratios and a steady-state merging stream, is better than 1 % . The approach simplifies sample preparation and analysis, and matrix effects have no influence on the determinations.
The methodology developed with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of eight elements in samples related to childhood soil ingestion is applied to adult food, faeces and urine samples to establish the controlled recovery of soil ingested by adults. At the dosage of 500 mg of soil per day, almost quantitative recovery was observed for aluminium, silicon and yttrium. Calculations are examined to estimate the relative amounts of soil and dust ingested by children based on element concentration pairs in samples taken from the children's schools and homes. This approach provides as reliable a means of estimating the relative amount of dust or soil ingestion as are parental estimates of indoor and outdoor play activity.
The methodology developed with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and its verification for the routine determination of eight elements (Al, Ba, Mn, Si, Ti, V, Y and Zr) in biological (faeces and urine), environmental (dust and soil) and food samples related to childhood soil ingestion are described. Sample manipulations for diapers, dust, food, faeces, soil and urine preparation and analysis are presented. Quality control results with reference materials (mixed diets, dust and soil) and standard solutions are summarised.
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