Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry in the study of childhood soil ingestion. Part 2. Recovery

Wang, Xioaru; Lásztity, Alexandra; Viczián, Miklós; Israel, Yescheskel; Barnes, Ramon M.

doi:10.1039/ja9890400737

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Soil ingestion estimates were initially reported for each trace element. ( 14,15,19‐22 ) Subsequent reports discussed variability of estimates between trace elements, ( 23‐31 ) very high soil ingestion (pica), ( 32‐34 ) and trace element ingestion from nonfood/nonsoil sources. ( 23,32 ) Daily soil ingestion estimates were given by Stanek and Calabrese.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta‐Analysis of Mass‐Balance Studies of Soil Ingestion in Children

Stanek

Calabrese²,

2011

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Ingestion of soil by young children may be an important source of exposure to environmental contaminants. Estimates of soil ingestion have been made by several studies using trace elements in a mass-balance approach, but differ substantially between studies and trace elements. We conduct a meta-analysis of four major mass-balance soil ingestion studies conducted on children between one and seven in the summer/fall in the northern United States. The analysis takes advantage of primary data from all studies, and provides a more complete description of soil ingestion among children. The meta-analysis uses data based on the two most reliable trace elements, Al and Si, that have passed a screening to identify and exclude measures with a high likelihood of bias. Details are described in a companion paper. The best linear unbiased predictor is used in a mixed model to estimate soil ingestion for study subjects. Overall, 11% of subject-periods are identified as outliers and excluded from the analysis. An analysis on 216 children based on Al and Si as tracer elements indicates that the mean (median) soil ingestion is 26 mg/day (33 mg/day), with the 95th percentile estimated as 79 mg/day. This systematic approach provides more reliable estimates than individual study results. There is some evidence that soil ingestion increases with a child's age, but insufficient data to distinguish soil ingestion by gender.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta‐Analysis of Mass‐Balance Studies of Soil Ingestion in Children

Stanek

Calabrese²,

2011

Risk Analysis

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“…Soil ingestion estimates were reported on 64 children for each trace element. ( 8,9,12‐15 ) Subsequent reports discussed variability of estimates between trace elements, ( 4,5,16‐21 ) very high soil ingestion (pica), ( 22, 23 ) and trace element ingestion from nonfood/nonsoil sources. ( 17, 24 ) Daily soil ingestion estimates were given by Stanek and Calabrese.…”

Section: The Primary Soil Ingestion Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equation Reliability of Soil Ingestion Estimates in Mass‐Balance Soil Ingestion Studies

Stanek

Calabrese³

2011

Risk Analysis

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Exposure to chemicals from ingestion of contaminated soil may be an important pathway with potential health consequences for children. A key parameter used in assessing this exposure is the quantity of soil ingested, with estimates based on four short longitudinal mass-balance soil ingestion studies among children. The estimates use trace elements in the soil with low bioavailability that are minimally present in food. Soil ingestion corresponds to the excess trace element amounts excreted, after subtracting trace element amounts ingested from food and medications, expressed as an equivalent quantity of soil. The short duration of mass-balance studies, different concentrations of trace elements in food and soil, and potential for trace elements to be ingested from other nonsoil, nonfood sources contribute to variability and bias in the estimates. We develop a stochastic model for a soil ingestion estimator based on a trace element that accounts for critical features of the mass-balance equation. Using results from four mass-balance soil ingestion studies, we estimate the accuracy of soil ingestion estimators for different trace elements, and identify subjects where the difference between Al and Si estimates is larger (>3 RMSE) than expected. Such large differences occur in fewer than 12% of subjects in each of the four studies. We recommend the use of such criteria to flag and exclude subjects from soil ingestion analyses.

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“…Some of the marker elements were the same ones employed previously (i.e., Al, Si, Ti, Y, and Zr), and the number of marker elements was extended to include As, Ce, Cr, La, and Nd. An earlier recovery study (2) demonstrated that Ba, Mn, and V were not reliable marker elements for soil ingestion studies probably owing to their considerable bioavailability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…1 Submitted in conjunction with the Seventh Italian-Hungarian Symposium on Spectrochemistry: Innovative Methodologies for Health and Environmental Protection, Rome, Italy, November 27-December 1, 1995. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Selected elements are determined in food, feces, soil, and dust to estimate the total soil ingested from an input-output balance of children and adults. The developed methodology was used in a recovery study of adult soil ingestion (2). Recently a new soil ingestion study was undertaken, and a reassessment of trace marker elements was made.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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