Storing municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills is the oldest and still the primary waste management strategy in many countries. Russia is the third largest methane (CH 4 ) emitter country after USA and China, representing 5% of total global CH 4 emissions from waste landfilling. Due to high economical growth, the amount of waste generated in Russia has risen sharply over the last ten years. However, waste management in Russia is mainly based on landfilling. In order to design an optimal MSW utilization system considering various aspects related to sustainable MSW management, a linear programming model was introduced for this research. The performance of the proposed MSW utilization system in the target area has been evaluated in light of energy, economic, and environmental (3Es) aspects, such as system net cost, annual energy generated from the waste, and the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions of the system. St. Petersburg city was considered as the target area for the present analysis. The results show that the introduction of the proposed MSW system with energy recovery from waste along with a high level of material recovery has energy, environmental and economic benefits compared to the conventional treatment system. This paper emphasizes the importance of introducing waste treatment methods as an alternative to landfilling, and to improve recycling activities in Russia.Keywords: sustainable waste management; municipal solid waste; waste-to-energy; system design; optimization; linear programming; Russia; St. Petersburg : net costs of each treatment facility (USD/year) p : unit price of by-product (USD/t or USD/GWh) q : waste material allocated to treatment facility (t/year) fr : fraction of residue production at treatment facility fr LFD : fraction of materials (waste and residues) allocated for landfill disposal fr WTE : fraction of waste allocated for energy production fr WTR OPEN ACCESS
Concern about global warming calls for an advanced approach for designing an energy system to reduce carbon emissions as well as to secure energy security for each country. Conventional energy systems tend to introduce different technologies with high conversion efficiency, leading to a higher average efficiency. Advanced energy systems can be achieved not by an aggregate form of conversion technologies but by an innovative system design itself. The concept of LCS (low carbon society) is a unique approach having multi-dimensional considerations such as social, economic and environmental dimensions. The LCS aims at an extensive restructuring of worldwide energy supply/demand network system by not only replacing the conventional parts with the new ones, but also integrating all the necessary components and designing absolutely different energy networks. As a core tool for the LCS design, energy-economic models are applied to show feasible solutions in future with alternatives such as renewable resources, combined heat and power, and smart grid operations. Models can introduce changes in energy markets, technology learning in capacity, and penetration of innovative technologies, leading to an optimum system configuration under priority settings. The paper describes recent trials of energy models application related to waste-to-energy, clean coal, transportation and rural development. Although the modelling approach is still under investigation, the output clearly shows possible options having variety of technologies and linkages between supply and demand sides. Design of the LCS means an energy systems design with the modelling approach, which gives solution for complex systems, choices among technologies, technology feasibility, R&D targets, and what we need to start. low carbon society (LCS), energy systems, systems approach, clean energy technologies, energy models Citation:Nakata T, Rodionov M, Silva D, et al. Shift to a low carbon society through energy systems design.
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