BackgroundKnowledge of the local pattern of malaria transmission and the effect of season on transmission is essential for the planning and evaluation of malaria interventions. Therefore, entomological surveys were carried out in the forest-savannah transitional belt of Ghana (Kintampo) from November 2003 to November 2005 in preparation for drug and vaccine trials.ResultsA total of 23,406 mosquitoes were caught from 919 traps over the two-year period (November 2003 to November 2005): 54.3% were Culicines, 36.2% Anopheles funestus, and 9.4% Anopheles gambiae. Infection rates with Plasmodium falciparum were 4.7% and 1.5% for Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus, respectively. Entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) were 269 infective bites per person per year in the first year (November 2003-October 2004) and 231 the following year (November 2004-November 2005). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis detected only Anopheles gambiae s.s. Nineteen mosquitoes were tested by PCR in the wet season; 16 were S-molecular form, 2 M-molecular form and 1 hybrid (S/M). In the dry season, sixteen mosquitoes were tested; 11 S-molecular form, 2 M-molecular form and 3 S/M hybrids. The frequency of knock down resistance (kdr) genotypes F(R) was 0.60.ConclusionThe dynamics and seasonal abundance of malaria vectors in the Kintampo area was influenced by micro-ecology, rainfall and temperature patterns. Transmission patterns did not differ significantly between the two years (2004 and 2005) and both Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus were identified as effective vectors. EIR estimates in 2004/2005 were between 231 and 269 infective bites per person per year. The information provided by the study will help in planning intensified malaria control activities as well as evaluating the impact of malaria interventions in the middle belt of Ghana.
This paper describes a new research facility which experimentally models hot gas ingestion into the wheel-space of an axial turbine stage. Measurements of CO2 gas concentration in the rim-seal region and inside the cavity are used to assess the performance of two generic (though engine-representative) rim-seal geometries in terms of the variation of concentration effectiveness with sealing flow rate. The variation of pressure in the turbine annulus, which governs this externally-induced (EI) ingestion, was obtained from steady pressure measurements downstream of the vanes and near the rim seal upstream of the rotating blades. Although the ingestion through the rim seal is a consequence of an unsteady, three-dimensional flow field and the cause-effect relationship between pressure and the sealing effectiveness is complex, the experimental data is shown to be successfully calculated by simple effectiveness equations developed from a previously published orifice model. The data illustrate that, for similar turbine-stage velocity triangles, the effectiveness can be correlated using a non-dimensional sealing parameter, Φo. In principle, and within the limits of dimensional similitude, these correlations should apply to a geometrically-similar engine at the same operating conditions. Part 2 of this paper describes an experimental investigation of rotationally-induced (RI) ingress, where there is no mainsteam flow and consequently no circumferential variation of external pressure.
This paper describes a new research facility which experimentally models hot gas ingestion into the wheel-space of an axial turbine stage. Measurements of the CO2 gas concentration in the rim-seal region and inside the cavity are used to assess the performance of two generic (though engine-representative) rim-seal geometries in terms of the variation of concentration effectiveness with sealing flow rate. The variation of pressure in the turbine annulus, which governs this externally-induced (EI) ingestion, was obtained from steady pressure measurements downstream of the vanes and near the rim seal upstream of the rotating blades. Although the ingestion through the rim seal is a consequence of an unsteady, three-dimensional flow field and the cause-effect relationship between the pressure and the sealing effectiveness is complex, the experimental data is shown to be successfully calculated by simple effectiveness equations developed from a previously published orifice model. The data illustrate that, for similar turbine-stage velocity triangles, the effectiveness can be correlated using a nondimensional sealing parameter, Φo. In principle, and within the limits of dimensional similitude, these correlations should apply to a geometrically-similar engine at the same operating conditions. Part II of this paper describes an experimental investigation of rotationally-induced (RI) ingress, where there is no mainstream flow and consequently no circumferential variation of external pressure.
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