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Reproducibility and reusability of research results is an important concern in scientific communication and science policy. A foundational element of reproducibility and reusability is the open and persistently available presentation of research data. However, many common approaches for primary data publication in use today do not achieve sufficient long-term robustness, openness, accessibility or uniformity. Nor do they permit comprehensive exploitation by modern Web technologies. This has led to several authoritative studies recommending uniform direct citation of data archived in persistent repositories. Data are to be considered as first-class scholarly objects, and treated similarly in many ways to cited and archived scientific and scholarly literature. Here we briefly review the most current and widely agreed set of principle-based recommendations for scholarly data citation, the Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (JDDCP). We then present a framework for operationalizing the JDDCP; and a set of initial recommendations on identifier schemes, identifier resolution behavior, required metadata elements, and best practices for realizing programmatic machine actionability of cited data. The main target audience for the common implementation guidelines in this article consists of publishers, scholarly organizations, and persistent data repositories, including technical staff members in these organizations. But ordinary researchers can also benefit from these recommendations. The guidance provided here is intended to help achieve widespread, uniform human and machine accessibility of deposited data, in support of significantly improved verification, validation, reproducibility and re-use of scholarly/scientific data.

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IntroductionUnderstanding the processes and patterns of economic development is at the heart of economic geography. Explanations of these processes have become increasingly elaborate as the processes of internationalization and globalization have intensified the complexity of economic and social interrelationships and the arenas within which these interrelationships are played out (Dicken, 1998; Lee and Wills, 1997; Thrift, 1998; Yeung, 1998). The crisis in capitalism that became apparent in the late 1960s highlighted the limitations of Fordism and the weaknesses of the branch-plant economies it created. Those economies suffered from a lack of locally autonomous decisionmaking, increasingly narrowed occupational opportunities, and corporate sector enterprises that no longer provided industrial environments conducive to indigenous economic growth (Gillespie, 1983;Scott and Storper, 1992). Analytical attention has now shifted towards indigenous development and local capacities to generate self-sustaining economic growth.In the past twenty years, a range of theoretical frameworks and empirical analyses has emerged in economic geography. They combine, in different ways at the local scale, processes associated with technology and knowledge, markets and competition, transaction structures, networks and interenterprise relations, labour markets, and culture and embeddedness to explain differences in local economic dynamics and in the

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The argument of this paper is that a deeper appreciation of the nature of the power relationships between firms and the circuits of power that bind them together is key to understanding how clusters function -including how they might emerge and how they might decline. We begin to develop a conceptualization that allows us to generate a deeper understanding of the processes that enable the production and reproduction of enterprise clusters under some combinations of circumstances but not others. The sections of the paper explore: (1) concepts of power and circuits of power including their spatialities; (2) the temporarily stabilized relationships which occur in clusters of economic activity; (3) the openness and permeability of clusters as a way of understanding conditions that foster cluster growth; (4) a tentative integration of concepts. From this reading of the concepts of clustering and power we draw the conclusion that clusters are, at any particular point in time, temporary and transient conjunctures of interfirm relationships. They depend on specific circumstances in 'time-space' and, because of their very transience and specificity, those conditions might be very difficult if not impossible to create through the blunt instruments of policy.

This study is an attempt to produce a theoretically informed econometric analysis of dynamic regional economic performance. The first paper in this two-part study highlighted the problems and possibilities of translating the propositions contained in six ‘soft’ theories of local economic growth into measurable dimensions and sets of proxy variables that are hypothesized to determine local economic growth. This second paper focuses on issues of econometric-model design and empirical validation. Given the practical limitations imposed by data availability, the ‘soft’ theories of local economic growth are modeled by a simple conditional ‘gap’ convergence model in which prevailing regional unemployment relativities are determined by a common trend in unemployment and a set of regionally specific variables. The empirical validity of the competing ‘soft’ theories of local economic growth is evaluated by applying test restrictions imposed by the ‘soft’ theories to a general model specification containing eight regionally specific variables that have been identified as potential drivers of local economic growth. The econometric modeling of Australian data suggests that the processes of regional economic performance might be somewhat different from those specified in individual theoretical models. Significantly, the role of local ‘enterprise culture’ is revealed—built on specialization, technological leadership, human resources, and the local integration of firms—though significant caveats are attached to the roles of access to information, institutional support, and interregional trade as promoters of local economic growth.