How to cite TSpace items Always cite the published version, so the author(s) will receive recognition through services that track citation counts, e.g. Scopus. If you need to cite the page number of the TSpace version (original manuscript or accepted manuscript) because you cannot access the published version, then cite the TSpace version in addition to the published version using the permanent URI (handle) found on the record page.

How to cite TSpace items Always cite the published version, so the author(s) will receive recognition through services that track citation counts, e.g. Scopus. If you need to cite the page number of the TSpace version (original manuscript or accepted manuscript) because you cannot access the published version, then cite the TSpace version in addition to the published version using the permanent URI (handle) found on the record page.

In this paper, we argue that a paradigmatic shift is presently occurring in economic geography. Based on the particular German tradition in geography, we view this shift as a second transition in economic geography following the first transition in the late 1960s and early 1970s from regional description and synthesis (i.e. Länderkunde) to regional science (or spatial analysis). Our argument starts with a reconstruction of factor-centered thinking in regional science and systematically unravels limits of this approach. It is shown that this research fails to provide a deeper understanding of localized economic and social processes. As a science of the spatial, this approach neglects the real actors in these processes. Economic agents are capable of creating their own regional environments to support their goals, based on previous experience. As a consequence, we argue for a need to reconceptualize economic geography based upon an integration of both economic and social theory. A relational view rests on three basic propositions. First, from a structural perspective economic actors are situated in contexts of social and institutional relations (and material structures). Second, from a dynamic perspective economic processes are path-dependent to the extent that future action is constrained by historical development. Third, economic processes are at the same time contingent in that the agents' strategies and actions are fundamentally open-ended and may deviate from existing development paths. Drawing on Storper's holy trinity, we define four ions as the basis for analysis in economic geography: organization, evolution, innovation and interaction. Therein, we employ a particular spatial perspective; that is, we view economic processes using a geographical lens. Economic organization and innovation are dependent upon localized institutions which constitute a common framework for economic interaction along territory-specific, yet contingent development paths.

Bathelt H. and Schuldt N. Between luminaires and meat grinders: international trade fairs as temporary clusters, Regional Studies. This paper claims that international trade fairs, viewed as temporary clusters, are important events that support economic processes of interactive learning and knowledge creation. In such settings, geographical proximity and face-to-face contact enable actors from different countries to exchange information about markets, products and innovations. The variety of planned and unplanned meetings and the rich ecology of information flows and different forms of interaction create 'global buzz'. Firms use such events to consciously establish 'pipelines' with new business partners worldwide. The paper will present empirical evidence from two flagship fairs held in Frankfurt/Main, Germany, to support these claims. [image omitted] Bathelt H. et Schuldt N. Soit magasin de luminaires, soit hachoirs de viande: les foires commerciales internationales comme grappes temporaires, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche a affirmer que les foires commerciales internationales, considerees comme grappes temporaires sont des evenements qui soutiennent les processus economiques en faveur de l'apprentissage interactif et de la creation de la connaissance. Dans de tels contextes, la proximite geographique et le face-a-face permettent aux agents en provenance des differents pays d'echanger des informations sur les marches, les produits et les innovations. La variete de reunions prevues et imprevues et le riche melange de flux d'informations et de differentes formes d'interaction font 'vrombir' sur le plan mondial. Les entreprises se servent de tels evenements afin d'etablir consciemment des 'pipelines' avec de nouveaux partenaires commerciaux dans le monde entier. Pour soutenir ces affirmations, l'article presente des preuves empiriques aupres de deux foires vedettes qui ont lieu a Francfort, en Allemagne. Grappes temporaires Foires commerciales internationales Vrombissement mondial Etablissement des pipelines Creation de la connaissance Face-a-face Bathelt H. und Schuldt N. Zwischen Designerleuchten und Fleischwolfen: Internationale Messeveranstaltungen als temporare Cluster, Regional Studies. Der Beitrag betrachtet internationale Messeveranstaltungen als temporare Cluster und argumentiert, dass diese Veranstaltungen in substanzieller Weise Prozesse des interaktiven Lernens und der Wissensgenerierung von Unternehmen unterstutzen. Die vorhandene raumliche Nahe und Vielzahl der Face-to-Face-Kontakte zwischen Ausstellern, Besuchern und Multiplikatoren aus vielen Teilen der Welt ermoglichen auf Messen in konzentrierter Form den Austausch von Informationen uber Markte, Produkte und Innovationen. Die Vielschichtigkeit geplanter und ungeplanter Treffen mit unterschiedlichen Akteuren, die dichte Informationsokologie und verschiedene Formen der Interaktion generieren den sog. 'Global Buzz'. Unternehmen nutzen die Veranstaltungen, um gezielt 'Pipelines' zu neuen Geschaftspartnern aufzubauen. Der Beitrag liefert empiris...

How to cite TSpace items Always cite the published version, so the author(s) will receive recognition through services that track citation counts, e.g. Scopus. If you need to cite the page number of the TSpace version (original manuscript or accepted manuscript) because you cannot access the published version, then cite the TSpace version in addition to the published version using the permanent URI (handle) found on the record page.

No abstract

Drawing on the literature pertaining to the role universities play in promoting technology transfer, this paper develops an insightful conceptualization of spin-off processes, and applies it to a current regional case study. The suggested typology of university spin-off/start-up firms is based on several variables, including the type of university sponsorship, university involvement in firm formation, the character of knowledge applied, and co-localization of the founders. The empirical case study is used to demonstrate the usefulness of this approach in analyzing spin-off firms, and their dynamics. The study is based on interviews conducted with university spin-offs/start-ups in the information technology (IT) sector located in the Kitchener and Guelph metropolitan areas. This region, which is home to the University of Waterloo-one of Canada's premier science and technology universities-, has experienced an impetus of spinoff processes originating from university research dating back to the 1970s. The results of our analysis expose several trends: Sponsored spin-offs are largely the result of particular university research projects, and apply specific knowledge inputs in the development of their initial core technology. Unsponsored spin-offs, which find their foundation in decentralized idea development outside of the university setting, almost entirely rely on generic broad knowledge bases for the development of innovative products and services, which have enabled the firm-formation process. Overall, it is surprising that even firms that have received some form of university support described the role the University of Waterloo had in their start-up process as marginal. The dynamic research approach applied in this study, which outlines the university's changing role over time and the regional dynamics associated with spinoff firms, further demonstrates the potential of our typology. As such, our typology of university-related start-up/spin-off firms is designed to support studies concerned with the wider impact of universities on technology transfer and regional development.

Always cite the published version, so the author(s) will receive recognition through services that track citation counts, e.g. Scopus. If you need to cite the page number of the TSpace version (original manuscript or accepted manuscript) because you cannot access the published version, then cite the TSpace version in addition to the published version using the permanent URI (handle) found on the record page. Regional Studies 2English abstract: This paper uses a multidimensional cluster concept which views processes of knowledge creation as being decisive in explaining how clusters are established, why they grow and how they reproduce themselves. It is suggested that clusters can only create new knowledge and continue to grow if the cluster firms have linkages with external markets and employ a mix of local and non-local transactions. The point made is that local interaction or 'buzz' and interaction through global or trans-local 'pipelines' create a dynamic process of knowledge creation which is key to understand a cluster's growth process. It is argued that the lack of a reflexive mechanism of local and trans-local interaction is the reason as to why the Leipzig media industry cluster has stagnated in recent years after a decade of substantial growth. In this cluster, we are confronted with what I refer to as the 'distanced neighbor' paradox. Firms in the Leipzig media sector are neither characterized by strong pipelines to firms and markets outside the cluster, nor do they engage in intensive local networking and interactive learning. This paper explores the conceptual foundations of this phenomenon and applies it to the case of Leipzig.