This investigation was designed to study the impact of prolonged pacifier use on speech articulation. Three groups of children representing varying degrees of pacifier use ranging from little or none to 55 months were formed. Group 1 consisted of 30 children who had no or minimal history of pacifier use. Group 2 consisted of 16 children who had a history of pacifier use for up to 15 months. Group 3 consisted of 22 children who had a history of pacifier use that ranged from 18 to 55 months. Each child was administered the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-Second Edition (GFTA-2; R. Goldman & M. Fristoe, 2000). For purposes of this investigation, mean standard scores for each group were statistically compared. A one-way analysis of variance did not suggest that there were significant differences among the 3 groups. Implications for future study include more rigorous quantification of the style and brand of pacifier used, the extent of pacifier use, the inclusion of other forms of nonnutritive sucking, and the instrument and protocol for measuring speech articulation errors.
We studied the impact of predation by cougar (Puma concolor) on elk (Cervus elaphus) over a 17 year time span in two watersheds in western Washington. Elk numbers ranged widely in each watershed, from a low of 130 increasing to ≈600 in the Green River and from 600 increasing to ≈1,400 in the White River. We studied adult cow elk survival (n=244) and calf survival (n=548) in both watersheds using radio-marked animals. We manipulated cougar numbers by conducting targeted removals over 7 years and estimated cougar density prior, during, and after the removals. Cougar predation on elk calves was strongly additive (R 2 =0.80). Cougar predation on cow elk was partially additive in the Green River where other factors had less influence on adult elk survival. Survival of adult cow elk in the White River was less affected by cougar predation than other factors in part due to greater public access. Based on age and femur marrow condition we estimated that 25% of all radio-marked adult elk mortalities due to cougar were compensatory. We have also investigated predation rate by cougar using GPS-marked cougar (n=12). We estimated that 15% of adult elk >= 2 years old that were killed by cougar were likely compensatory and that 75% were likely additive. Removing cougars allowed elk in both watersheds to recover to, or exceed, herd objectives for both watersheds, and restore elk hunting opportunity. Our data strongly indicates that cougar were limiting elk, and that cougar removals allowed elk to escape the predator pit they were in. But simply removing cougar in other elkcougar systems may not restore elk depending on the relative influence of other factors affecting mortality, amount of additive predation mortality, and suite of interacting predators and prey.PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1915v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access |
We studied the impact of predation by cougar ( Puma concolor) on elk ( Cervus elaphus) over a 17 year time span in two watersheds in western Washington. Elk numbers ranged widely in each watershed, from a low of 130 increasing to ≈600 in the Green River and from 600 increasing to ≈1,400 in the White River. We studied adult cow elk survival (n=244) and calf survival (n=548) in both watersheds using radio-marked animals. We manipulated cougar numbers by conducting targeted removals over 7 years and estimated cougar density prior, during, and after the removals. Cougar predation on elk calves was strongly additive (R2=0.80). Cougar predation on cow elk was partially additive in the Green River where other factors had less influence on adult elk survival. Survival of adult cow elk in the White River was less affected by cougar predation than other factors in part due to greater public access. Based on age and femur marrow condition we estimated that 25% of all radio-marked adult elk mortalities due to cougar were compensatory. We have also investigated predation rate by cougar using GPS-marked cougar (n=12). We estimated that 15% of adult elk >= 2 years old that were killed by cougar were likely compensatory and that 75% were likely additive. Removing cougars allowed elk in both watersheds to recover to, or exceed, herd objectives for both watersheds, and restore elk hunting opportunity. Our data strongly indicates that cougar were limiting elk, and that cougar removals allowed elk to escape the predator pit they were in. But simply removing cougar in other elk-cougar systems may not restore elk depending on the relative influence of other factors affecting mortality, amount of additive predation mortality, and suite of interacting predators and prey.
Recent changes in legislation for persons with disabilities have led to an increased focus on Central Auditory Processing problems. Test scores from the Clinical Evaluation of Language Functioning-Revised (CELF-R), Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI), and the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) obtained from folders of 40 clients referred for auditory processing problems were analyzed to ascertain the validity of using these tests with a population on which these tests were not normed. All tests and subscales were correlated significantly. Even so, mean differences were present, with one exception, on comparisons of test scores. Moreover, females obtained significantly higher scores on the TONI than did males. Our findings generally support the validity of using these tests with a Central Auditory Processing sample. Clinical Psychology, 44, 261-265. Auditory processing disturbances: Current status of research. In D. L. Rampp (Ed.), The proceedings of thefirst annual Memphis State University symposium on auditory processing and learning disabilities (pp. 172-187). Las Vegas: Printing Services. Research Report. ERIC ED 264 549. TX: Pro-ed. WILLEFORD, J . M. (1985).
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