Whereas mortality from ischemic stroke is decreasing in all age groups, the prevalence of stroke continues to increase. Its increasing incidence in the younger population adds to the large number of survivors who will live many years with their disabilities related to stroke. Thus, the objectives of this study are to determine the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and the modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) as adequate prognostic functionality tools for stroke patients and to analyze the relation between stroke and rehabilitation. This study involved a systematic review. We obtained articles found on Google Scholar and MEDLINE and published from January 2008 to May 2018. The functionality of the patient after a stroke is associated with the likelihood of a hospital readmission, which should be taken into account during the diagnosis. Patients with poor functionality at discharge are also more likely to need long-term care and intensive rehabilitation plans. The severity of the initial stroke is a primary determinant of the clinical outcome. The NIHSS, mRS, and mTICI appear to be predictive tools of the functionality of the patient with ischemic stroke, especially in the acute phase. Rehabilitation demonstrates better results in reducing disability and greater participation of affected people.
Recent changes in legislation for persons with disabilities have led to an increased focus on Central Auditory Processing problems. Test scores from the Clinical Evaluation of Language Functioning-Revised (CELF-R), Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI), and the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) obtained from folders of 40 clients referred for auditory processing problems were analyzed to ascertain the validity of using these tests with a population on which these tests were not normed. All tests and subscales were correlated significantly. Even so, mean differences were present, with one exception, on comparisons of test scores. Moreover, females obtained significantly higher scores on the TONI than did males. Our findings generally support the validity of using these tests with a Central Auditory Processing sample. Clinical Psychology, 44, 261-265. Auditory processing disturbances: Current status of research. In D. L. Rampp (Ed.), The proceedings of thefirst annual Memphis State University symposium on auditory processing and learning disabilities (pp. 172-187). Las Vegas: Printing Services. Research Report. ERIC ED 264 549. TX: Pro-ed. WILLEFORD, J . M. (1985).
Variables affecting intelligibility include intensity, frequency, vocal quality rate, articulation, language, prosody, and foreign accent. Unintelligible speakers, both children and adults, may exhibit problems with some or all of these variables. Assessment and remediation of intelligibility in children has revolved around assessment of articulation deficits, while with adults, it has included consideration of intelligibility and rate as well as detailed analysis of multiple dimensions of speech and voice. This paper advocates the "holistic" approach to the assessment and intervention of disorders of intelligibility that does not neglect any aspect of speech or language. INTRODUCTIONIntelligibility is an aspect of the communication process that occurs when a listener understands what a speaker has said. It is measured as the percentage of speech units (single words, sentences, conversation) understood correctly by a listener or listeners. The fact that the intelligibility of speech affects communication is obvious if you have ever listened to a normal developing two-year-old child talking or to speakers with articulatory deficits. This relationship between intelligibility and communication was studied by Penningroth (1951) in comparing the intelligibility of 70 students having the &dquo;best articulation&dquo; with 71 students having the &dquo;worst articulation.&dquo; Penningroth concluded that defective articulation did indeed interfere with communication. UNINTELLIGIBLE SPEECH OF CHILDREN Intelligibility and Articulatory DeficitsIn 1942, Hudgins and Numbers reported that there was a relationship between the number of articulatory errors of deaf children and their overall intelligibility. Dietz (1952) also studied the relationship between the number of articulatory errors and intelligibility. Dietz presented seven samples of recorded defective speech to a panel of listeners and found that faulty articulation reduced intelligibility in proportion to the number of errors observed. Miller (1954) reported similar findings when investigating the defective speech of pre-school at UNIV OF PENNSYLVANIA on June 20, 2015 cdq.sagepub.com Downloaded from 60 and elementary-age children with cerebral palsy.Because of these studies, Van Riper and Irwin (1958, p. 5) concluded that:One measure of the degree of abnormality of articulation may be found in the degree to which intelligibility is affected by errors in articulation.At that time, because of the known relationship between articulatory defects and intelligibility, individuals with phonological disorders were treated with &dquo;traditional&dquo; (one sound at a time) articulation therapy, not considering any other aspect of speech and language. In 1966, however, Renfrew observed that children who omitted final consonant sounds did not respond well to &dquo;traditional&dquo; articulation therapy. She noted that development of final consonants was unusually slow. Renfrew suggested that final consonant development followed a systematic progression from omitted consonant...
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