Canadian Census data for 1981–2006 is used to document substantial differences in the destination locations of immigrants and interprovincial migrants. These differences have increased over time as have differences in the characteristics of the two migrant groups. Differences in age, education, and marital status of the two migrant groups explain little of the observed differences. Visible minority status and language differences are somewhat more important; however, much of the difference in migrant group destinations cannot be explained by measured characteristics.
Hamermesh (2002) documents the unexpected rise in the share of American workers paid by the hour. This paper uses establishment data to show that an even larger increase occurred in Canada. The Canadian increase cannot be explained by changes in industry composition or by changes in worker and job characteristics. It appears that Canadian salaried workers have also “gone missing,” adding to Hamermesh's puzzle and suggesting that a satisfactory explanation should fit both American and Canadian experiences.
We use Census and National Household Survey data to generate estimates of the private rate of return to a Canadian bachelor's degree that allow for differences in earnings determination, taxes, and tuition by birth cohort. Log-earnings equation estimates that allow for cohort effects suggest that earnings equations have shifted significantly across cohorts in ways that have increased the returns to education. These effects dominate the effect of changes to taxes and tuition across the 1927–1981 birth cohorts examined. The results suggest that rate-of-return estimates based on a single cross-sectional data set underestimate the rates of return of recent cohorts.
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