Food fraud is an intentional act for economic gain. It poses a risk to food integrity, the economy, public health and consumers' ethics. Seafood is one commodity which has endured extensive fraudulent activity owing to its increasing consumer demand, resource limitations, high value and complex supply chains. It is essential that these fraudulent opportunities are revealed, the risk is evaluated and countermeasures for mitigation are assigned. This can be achieved through mapping of the seafood supply chains and identifying the vulnerability analysis critical control points (VACCP), which can be exposed, infiltrated and exploited for fraudulent activity. This research systematically maps the seafood supply chain for three key commodities: finfish, shellfish and crustaceans in the United Kingdom. Each chain is comprised of multiple stakeholders across numerous countries producing a diverse range of products distributed globally. For each supply chain the prospect of fraud, with reference to species substitution, fishery substitution, illegal, unreported and unregulated substitution, species adulteration, chain of custody abuse, catch method fraud, undeclared product extension, modern day slavery and animal welfare, has been identified and evaluated. This mapping of the fraudulent opportunities within the supply chains provides a foundation to rank known and emerging risks and to develop a proactive mitigation plan which assigns control measures and responsibility where vulnerabilities exist. Further intelligence gathering and management of VACCPs of the seafood supply chains may deter currently unknown or unexposed fraudulent opportunities.

Summary. Haemophilia A is a common inherited bleeding disorder that has a well-understood pathophysiology. Our understanding of the molecular genetics of the disease has allowed the development of comprehensive carrier and prenatal diagnosis for this single gene defect. Continuing technological developments improve our ability to provide genetic analysis in a rapid and cost effective manner. This guideline aims to provide advice on current best laboratory practice when approaching genetic diagnosis of haemophilia A.

The anaesthetic effects of a combination of midazolam, a water-soluble benzodiazepine, and fentanyl-fluanisone were assessed in laboratory rodents and rabbits. This combination of drugs produced good surgical anaesthesia in all of the species investigated. An important advantage of the combination was that it could be administered as a single intraperitoneal injection.

Aquaculture is currently the fastest expanding global animal food production sector and is a key future contributor to food security. An increase in food security will , 2015, 16, 668-683 be dependent upon the development and improvement of sustainable practices. A prioritization exercise was undertaken, focusing on the future knowledge needs to underpin UK sustainable aquaculture (both domestic and imported products) using a 'task force' group of 36 'practitioners' and 12 'research scientists' who have an active interest in sustainable aquaculture. A long list of 264 knowledge needs related to sustainable aquaculture was developed in conjunction with the task force. The long list was further refined through a three stage process of voting and scoring, including discussions of each knowledge need. The top 25 knowledge needs are presented, as scored separately by 'practitioners' or 'research scientists'. There was similar agreement in priorities identified by these two groups. The priority knowledge needs will provide guidance to structure ongoing work to make science accessible to practitioners and help to prioritize future science policy needs and funding. The process of knowledge exchange, and the mechanisms by which this can be achieved, effectively emerged as the top priority for sustainable aquaculture. Viable alternatives to wild fish-based aquaculture feeds, resource constraints that will potentially limit expansion of aquaculture, sustainable offshore aquaculture and the treatment of sea lice also emerged as strong priorities.Although the exercise was focused on UK needs for sustainable aquaculture, many of the emergent issues are considered to have global application.

SJ. A novel mutation in the P2Y 12 receptor and a function-reducing polymorphism in protease-activated receptor 1 in a patient with chronic bleeding. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12: 716-25.Summary. Background: The study of patients with bleeding problems is a powerful approach in determining the function and regulation of important proteins in human platelets. We have identified a patient with a chronic bleeding disorder expressing a homozygous P2RY12 mutation, predicting an arginine to cysteine (R122C) substitution in the G-protein-coupled P2Y 12 receptor. This mutation is found within the DRY motif, which is a highly conserved region in G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that is speculated to play a critical role in regulating receptor conformational states. Objectives: To determine the functional consequences of the R122C substitution for P2Y 12 function. Patient/methods: We performed a detailed phenotypic analysis of an index case and affected family members. An analysis of the variant R122C P2Y 12 stably expressed in cells was also performed. Results: ADP-stimulated platelet aggregation was reduced as a result of a significant impairment of P2Y 12 activity in the patient and family members. Cell surface R122C P2Y 12 expression was reduced both in cell lines and in platelets; in cell lines, this was as a consequence of agonist-independent internalization followed by subsequent receptor trafficking to lysosomes. Strikingly, members of this family also showed reduced thrombininduced platelet activation, owing to an intronic polymorphism in the F2R gene, which encodes protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), that has been shown to be associated with reduced PAR-1 receptor activity. Conclusions: Our study is the first to demonstrate a patient with deficits in two stimulatory GPCR pathways that regulate platelet activity, further indicating that bleeding disorders constitute a complex trait.