Previous work assumed that ATP synthase, the smallest known rotary motor in nature, operates at 100% efficiency. Calculations which arrive to this result assume that the water viscosity inside mitochondria is constant and corresponds to that of bulk water. In our opinion this assumption is not satisfactory for two reasons: (1) There is evidence that the water in mitochondria prevails to 100% as interfacial water. (2) Laboratory experiments which explore the properties of interfacial water suggest viscosities which exceed those of bulk water, specifically at hydrophilic interfaces. Here, we wish to suggest a physicochemical mechanism which assumes intramitochondrial water viscosity gradients and consistently explains two cellular responses: The decrease and increase in ATP synthesis in response to reactive oxygen species and non-destructive levels of near-infrared (NIR) laser light, respectively. The mechanism is derived from the results of a new experimental method, which combines the technique of nanoindentation with the modulation of interfacial water layers by laser irradiation. Results, including the elucidation of the principle of light-induced ATP production, are expected to have broad implications in all fields of medicine.
The aim of this study was to employ nanoparticles as drug carriers. The research involved the design of cromolyn polyamide-disulfide nanocomposites to overcome the problem of frequent cromolyn doses and improve their properties. The cromolyn polyamide-disulfide samples were prepared using several amounts of cromolyn and sodium polyamide-disulfide polymer at different pH values. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to obtain the significant independent variables affecting the dependent response by using a
P
value lower than 0.05. The nanocomposites produced were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and in vitro release. An FTIR test was used to evaluate the functional groups of cromolyn in nanocomposites, which indicated that the drug was encapsulated inside the polymer. All data indicated the presence of cromolyn in the nanocomposites. The release profile of nanocomposites was found to be sustained. Therefore, the outcome of this research project could be a starting point for further work to optimize and assess polyamide-disulfide polymers for delivering another drug.
This inquiry used ultrasonic waves to uptake paracetamol (PA) by using oak-based activated carbon (ACO). The surface of ACO was explored based on FT-IR, SEM, and XRD before and after the adsorption. The kinetic data for PA adsorption onto ACO corresponds to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Isothermal models of the Langmuir, Freundlich, D-R, and Temkin were used. The adsorption of PA onto ACO was found to be a monolayer with 96.03% uptake, which corresponds to Langmuir. The thermodynamic experiments revealed the endothermic nature of PA adsorption onto ACO. Under the investigated optimal conditions, the adsorption capacity of PA onto ACO was found to be 97.1 mg. L-1. ACO could be recycled after six regenerations. Ultimately, sonicating has adequate performance for the uptake of PA by ACO.
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