10As the world's largest distributed store of freshwater, groundwater plays a central role in 11 sustaining ecosystems and enabling human adaptation to climate variability and change. 12The strategic importance of groundwater to global water and food security will intensify 13 under climate change as more frequent and intense climate extremes (droughts, floods) 14 increase variability in soil moisture and surface water. Here we critically review recent 15 research assessing climate impacts on groundwater through natural and human-induced 16 processes as well as groundwater-driven feedbacks on the climate system.

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Understanding perceptions of resource users and influencing factors that affect these perceptions has significant value in evaluating the success or failure of IWRM (integrated water resource management) reforms. This article explores villagers' experiences of China's recent powerful enforcement of IWRM and the locally perceived impacts through three in-depth case studies. Results show that neither villagers' perspectives nor the implementation processes and outcomes are monolithic. Political trust plays a key role in shaping villagers' perspectives and responses towards IWRM, which is constantly shaped and reshaped by understanding, experiences and negotiation among different stakeholders in the embedded physical, socio-economic and political environment.