This article reports on a study examining continuing professional development (CPD) for consultant doctors. The aim of the study was to identify what promotes or inhibits the effectiveness of CPD and met the following objectives: comparing and contrasting the experiences of CPD across the range of specialties; identifying and describing the range of different models of CPD employed across the different specialties and clinical contexts; considering the educational potential of reflective practice in CPD and its impact on professional practice and exploring how different professionals judge the effectiveness of current CPD practices. Using a mixture of qualitative (interviews, letters, observation) and quantitative (online questionnaire) methods, the views of CPD providers and users were surveyed. Findings suggested that the effectiveness of CPD, as inferred from the comments made by interviewees and questionnaire respondents, relates to the impact on knowledge, skills, values, attitudes, behaviours and changes in practice in the work place. The quality of CPD was seen as inextricably linked to any improvements in the quality of the professional practices required for service delivery. There was widespread consensus as to the value of learning in professional settings. There was recognition that there needs to be a move away from tick boxes to the in-depth identification of learning needs and how these can be met both within and external to the work place, with learning being adequately enabled and assessed in all locations. In conclusion, it can be said that CPD is valued and is seen as effective when it addresses the needs of individual clinicians, the populations they serve and the organisations within which they work. However, the challenge for CPD may lie in the dynamic interaction between educational opportunities and service delivery requirements, as there may be occasions where they vie with each other for resources.

Online discussion is a powerful tool for the development of critical thinking, collaboration, and reflection. However, the effective instructional use of online discussions places new requirements on instructors for skilful facilitation. When the construct of cross-cultural participants is added, the facilitation requirements increase. The purpose of this research was to determine and address the issues and challenges experienced by facilitators who are facilitating crosscultural group discussion activities in an online environment, and to provide strategies facilitators might employ when in this environment. Utilising action research methods of data collection and analysis, this study found that in a cross-cultural online environment, the challenges of the facilitator expand beyond the currently identified range of problems of facilitation. Challenges such as questioning, participation, interpersonal and group dynamics, facilitator expectations and anxieties have surfaced as issues when facilitating in a cross-cultural online environment.

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The objective of this paper is to examine some theory that appears to make a contribution to the Generic Instructors Courses (GICs) offered by the Advanced Life Support Group and the Resuscitation Council, UK. Accordingly, it is not an empirical study: rather it is a critical assessment of the contribution made by studies in adult learning to what is perceived and generally presented as an atheoretical course. The course will be described and four contributory theories-experiential learning, group dynamics, situated learning and reflective practice-will be briefly explored. The paper will observe that each of these makes a contribution towards an understanding of the achievements of the GIC. The paper will conclude with a number of recommendations for some small-scale empirical work.

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This has been a very popular and impactful experience for final-term undergraduates as they anticipate the challenges of becoming foundation-year doctors. The need for effective management of clinical and non-technical skills presented in an ill-defined problem space is an appropriate challenge that serves to reassure them about their capacity to manage the unexpected. [The students] are expected to manage the variety of random events as if they were doctors on call.