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This study investigates managerial views of corporate sustainability under the ecosystem services perspective, which is emerging as a key paradigm worldwide for environmental management and policy making. We analyse interviews conducted with 20 managers from domestic and international forestry companies operating with a plantation-based business model in China. Content analysis was employed to analyse the data, with a focus on four key areas: 1) interviewee familiarity with the ecosystem services concept; 2) their views of corporate dependencies and impacts on ecosystem services; 3) related business risks and opportunities; and 4) viability of existing instruments and practices that can be employed in detecting and addressing business impacts and dependencies on ecosystem services. Based on our empirical findings, we further refined a conceptual framework of the impact-dependency-response process between enterprises and ecosystems services. This framework holds broader operational value for developing company response strategies to ecosystem services impact/dependence assessment, ensuring that all issues are addressed comprehensively, and that related risks and opportunities are properly acknowledged.

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We propose a review of empirical studies dealing with the monetary valuation of forest ecosystem services in China. The analysis focuses on: assessing methodological differences between studies; highlighting the variation of monetary values across different ecosystem service types; and identifying and discussing future research needs. Based on a systematic search, our data set consists of 12 studies published in peer-reviewed journals in English, dealing with 72 forest ecosystem services. Our results suggest that domestic literature is affected by elusive categorization of ecosystem services and methodological inconsistencies. The wide variation in monetary values of Chinese forest ecosystem services, a phenomenon also observed in global level reviews, can be partially explained by the methodological heterogeneity of the studies. Future research could benefit from a strengthened and more standardized methodological approach, drawing from relevant methods and indicators employed in the reviewed domestic articles, as well as from insights and solutions proposed in the international empirical and conceptual literature. The exceptional forest restoration policy landscape coupled with the increasing establishment of commercial plantations offer important research opportunities for monetary valuation in China. Efforts should be directed towards assessing marginal values of ecosystem services in land-use changes over time, and benefit flows among different stakeholders.

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