The introduction of ICD-10 affects the comparability of statistical series of mortality according to cause. The results of this study allow us to identify the main modifications and to quantify the changes in the major causes of mortality in Spain.

In this work, a high photocatalytic activity was attained by intercalating a Pt layer between SnO 2 and TiO 2 semiconductors, which yielded a TiO 2 /Pt/SnO 2-type heterostructure used in the discoloration of blue methylene (MB) solution. The porous films and platinum layer were obtained by electrophoretic deposition and DC Sputtering, respectively, and were both characterized morphologically and structurally by FE-SEM and XRD. The films with the Pt interlayer were evaluated by photocatalytic activity through exposure to UV light. An increase in efficiency of 22% was obtained for these films compared to those without platinum deposition. Studies on the reutilization of the films pointed out high efficiency and recovery of the photocatalyst, rendering the methodology favorable for the construction of fixed bed photocatalytic reactors. A proposal associated with the mechanism is discussed in this work in terms of the difference in Schottky barrier between the semiconductors and the electrons transfer and trapping cycle. These are fundamental factors for boosting photocatalytic efficiency.

No abstract

We have provided an extensive directory of contextual indicators on social determinants of health and a database to facilitate assessment of the impact of the economic recession on health and health inequalities in Spain and its autonomous regions.

In pursuit of higher photoactivity, Nb-doped TiO 2 powders were evaluated in the reduction of CO 2 . e replacement of Ti by Nb in the crystalline structure of TiO 2 promoted methanol formation. Nb-doped TiO 2 powders were successfully synthesized in Nb concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5% (w/w � weight/weight) using the Pechini method. e materials were calcined at 500°C for two hours to promote the formation of the anatase crystalline phase. After characterization, the powders were modified through an Nb 0 magnetron sputtering deposition using a metallic target in vacuum conditions of 2 × 10 −3 torr, with a deposition time of 10 minutes, and calcination again at 500°C for two hours. e resulting powders showed a surface area up to 30 m 2 /g. e Pechini method promoted the substitution of Ti 4+ for Nb 4+ as observed using XRD and XPS techniques at the crystalline structure and at the surface of the powder. Furthermore, the presence of Nb 0 was also observed at the powder's surface. e presence of Nb in the crystalline structure increased the photoactivity of powders when compared to nonmodified TiO 2 powders, while the Nb 0 deposition at the powder's surface decreased the photoactivity for all the investigated compositions.

Ex situ hot gas filtration (HGF) has been shown to be a simple and robust technique to upgrade the quality of flash pyrolysis oils. In this study, the secondary reactions inside the HGF unit and their impact on product yields and the chemical composition of bio-oils were investigated in a total of 18 experiments conducted at both pilot and bench reactor scales (1 and 0.1 kg/h), with beech wood (BW) and sunflower stalks (SFS). The impact of HGF on yields was found to be dependent on the extent of secondary reactions which, in turn, were determined by three parameters: (a) HGF temperature, (b) HGF char cake thickness, and (c) AAEM content of the raw feedstock. Nevertheless, independently of the conditions used, the drop in the organic yield was less than 10 wt % with both BW and SFS feedstocks. Our results demonstrated that (1) cracking reactions mainly took place in the homogeneous gas phase and (2) dehydration, coking, and decarboxylation reactions took place in the HGF char cake, probably catalyzed by the high AAEM content and the small size of the HGF char particles. Based on detailed chemical analysis of bio-oils, we propose several secondary reaction pathways to explain the interaction between the HGF char and the pyrolysis vapors, such as (1) ketonization of low Mw carboxyl functions via decarboxylation, (2) the formation of simple anhydro sugars by the selective cleavage of the glycosidic bond of the carbohydrate oligomers, and (3) the depolymerization of lignin oligomers. Further, our results suggest the interdependence of two factors which determine the impact of HGF: (a) the physical and chemical properties of HGF char and (b) the reactivity of the vapors.

No abstract

No abstract