This
study describes tar conversion on olivine in fluidized-bed gasification
conditions. A laboratory-scale reactor (Aligator) was used to characterize
phenol conversion to higher tars, before adding a sand and olivine
bed to investigate heterogeneous steam reforming and the cokefaction
of these tars. H2 and H2O atmospheres were tested
both separately and together to characterize tar conversion on olivine.
Catalytic activity in steam reforming was shown to be much improved
by the presence of H2. In the absence of H2O
in the reactive atmosphere, olivine caused a high cokefaction of tars.
With 10% H2O and 20% H2, olivine became highly
active in steam reforming of tars. Carbon deposition on the catalysts
was quantified by temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO), and optical
photographs of olivine were taken after tar conversion.
A simple screening
protocol has been developed for assessing the
agglomeration potential of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
using resonant acoustic mixing that minimizes the quantity of API
used. This methodology improves upon existing ones as it allows for
multiple conditions to be screened in parallel, saving time and allowing
for the study of agglomeration and optimization of the drying unit
operation to take place early in development. In addition to a qualitative
(visual) assessment, quantitative data can be obtained after the material
has been dried therefore accounting for a measure of cake hardening.
This methodology was also extended to assess the friability of the
generated agglomerates and was validated using a scaled-down agitated
filter dryer (AFD). The impact of particle size, particle size distribution,
solvent selection, and solvent loading on the agglomeration potential
for a Takeda API is also discussed which allowed for the development
of an improved drying process that was successfully scaled-up in the
pilot plant.
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