The term harassment is often used to refer two contexts, the workplace and school, but not the legal system itself. Long drawn-out litigation in the Family Law Courts often produces a surreptitious phenomenon of violence toward one of the litigating parties, who become victims of the legal system itself. The aim of this study was to determine whether legal harassment could be detected and measured in the Spanish Justice System using an innovative Legal Harassment Scale (LHS). This hypothesis was substantiated by the data obtained using a new 32-item psychometric instrument with a global index: the LHS, consisting of four factors: Direct Aggression, Procedural Harassment, Personal Contempt, and Manipulation of Reality. The estimated reliability and validity of the LHS was satisfactory, both in terms of the global score, and for each of the four factors distributed along the normal curve. The results of this study are discussed in terms of the limitations of the study and in relation to future lines of research aimed at ensuring that the legal system respects and safeguards the rights of the parties involved in litigation, and that no party falls victim to legal harassment.
The authors examined the dimensionality and factorial structure of individualism and collectivism in Spanish participants (N = 526). A series of confirmatory factor analyses were performed on responses to the 32-item individualism-collectivism measure reported by T. M. Singelis, H. C. Triandis, D. S. Bhawuk, and M. Gelfand (1995). Consistent with earlier data, the best fitting model was multidimensional: a vertical versus a horizontal attribute crossed with individualism and collectivism dimensions. Whereas the overall fit of the data to a LISREL model was moderate, additional self-report data on respondents' interpersonal experiences supported the construct validity of the 4 factors. The authors suggest that the additional complexity is useful in explaining Spanish social behavior.
T he current study examines the value correlates of social identities (identi cation with in-groups and geospatial units) in two collectivist cultures (Brazil, n 5 471; Spain, n 5 476). According to previous research, it was expected that subjects who score higher on social values would be more identi ed with the various traditional in-groups and with the local geospatial units and that social identities would be predicted by different values among Brazilians and Spaniards. Subjects were undergraduate students (228 males; 719 females), with age ranging from 16 to 55 years (M 5 21.9; SD 5 4.57), from three states in Brazil (Paraíba, Distrito Federal, and São Paulo) and Spain (Pontevedra, Madrid, and Barcelona). They were administered the Individualism-CollectivismQuestionnaire,the Basic Value Survey, the In-group Identi cation Scale, the Geospatial Identi cation Scale, and a questionnaire with demographic questions (e.g., gender, age, religious af liation). Results con rm that importance attributed to social values is correlated with traditional in-group and local geospatial identi cation, and that values predicting social identities are different across cultures, especially in the case of values related to geospatial identi cation. Speci cally, among the set of social human values, belonging and tradition were most important to explain social identities. Subjects that assigned more importance to privacy were less identi ed with traditional ingroups, independently of their national culture. Geospatial identi cation was based on the values religiosity and belonging for Brazilians, and tradition, social order, honesty, and power for Spaniards. In general, these ndings corroborate previous ones, suggesting the existence of a common set of values to explain social identity, based on principally normative values (social order and tradition). Moreover, they indicate the speci city and complexity of the geospatial identi cation in Spain, where the values of honesty and power contribute to explaining it. In this country, it is possible that the determinants of geospatial identi cation surpass the social orientation endorsed by people. C ette étude examine les valeurs correspondant aux identités sociales (identi cation avec les groupes d'appartenance et les unités géospatiales) de deux cultures collectivistes (Brésil 5 471; Espagne 5 476). Selon une recherche précédente, on s'attendait à ce que les sujets qui avaient obtenu des scores plus élevés en valeurs sociales s'identi ent plus avec les différents groupes d'appartenance traditionnels et avec les unités géospatiales locales et que les identités sociales soient prédites par les différentes valeurs parmi les Brésiliens et les Espagnols. Les sujets étaient des étudiants nondiplômés (228 hommes; 719 femmes) âgés de 16 à 55 ans (M 5 21,9; SD 5 4,57), venant de trois Etats du Brésil (Paraiba, Brasilia, et Sao Paulo) et d'Espagne (Pontevedra, Madrid, et Barcelona).On les a soumis au questionnaire sur l'Individualisme/ Collectivisme, l'Etude de Base sur les Valeurs, l'Echelle...
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