Recent research has examined the relationship between values and attitudes about environmental issues. Findings from these studies have found values of self-transcendence (positively) and self-enhancement (negatively) to predict general concern for environmental problems. Other recent findings have differentiated between environmental attitudes based on concern for self (egoistic), concern for other people (social-altruistic), and concern for plants and animals (biospheric).This article reports the results from a study of the relationship between values and environmental attitudes in six countries: Brazil, Czech Republic, Germany, India, New Zealand, and Russia. Results show strong support for the cross-cultural generalizability of the relationship between values and attitudes and on the structure of environmental concern. In addition, analyses of the relationship between values and environmental behavior show evidence for norm activation only for self-transcendence; results for self-enhancement show a consistently negative relationship.

Este artigo descreve a teoria funcionalista dos valores humanos e a relaciona com variáveis importantes para as organizações. A teoria identifica duas funções consensuais dos valores: os valores guiam as ações e dão expressão às necessidades humanas. A primeira função diferencia três tipos de orientações valorativas (social, central e pessoal), enquanto a segunda função classifica os valores como humanitários ou materialistas. A união dessas duas funções origina seis subfunções de valores (experimentação, realização, existência, suprapessoal, interacional e normativa). Três estudos empíricos são apresentados, examinando a influência das subfunções no comprometimento organizacional de funcionários de uma empresa privada (Estudo 1), no bem-estar afetivo de funcionários de uma prefeitura (Estudo 2) e na fadiga e burnout de enfermeiros, médicos e psicólogos (Estudo 3). Os resultados demonstram a influência dos valores nessas variáveis e são discutidos de acordo com a teoria funcionalista dos valores.

ResumoEste artigo apresenta uma tipologia nova dos valores básicos, fundamentada nas necessidades humanas. Tais valores representam teoricamente três critérios de orientação, cada um subdividido em duas funções psicossociais: pessoal (experimentação e realização), central (existência e suprapessoal) e social (interacional e normativa). Foram consideradas duas amostras diversificadas (N = 606). Esta tipologia foi testada em relação aos seguintes aspectos: (1) estrutura interna -uma análise de escalonamento multidimensional (MDS) permitiu visualizar os três critérios de orientação teorizados, e uma análise fatorial confirmatória comprovou a existência das suas respectivas funções psicossociais; (2) convergência com a teoria de Schwartz -uma MDS mostrou que as seis funções psicossociais e os dez tipos motivacionais de valores aparecem em diferentes regiões espaciais, porém podem ser interpretados nos mesmos termos; e (3) predição do grau de religiosidade -consistentemente, esta variável se correlacionou em sentido positivo e negativo, respectivamente, com os valores normativos e de experimentação. Em suma, esta tipologia não é incompatível com a que propõe Schwartz, referendando a natureza motivacional dos valores humanos. Não obstante, tem a vantagem de ser mais parcimoniosa, assumindo um menor número de valores básicos.Palavras-chave: valores básicos; motivação; necessidades; religiosidade AbstractThe motivational nature of human values: evidence of a new typology. This article presents a new typology of basic values, based on human needs. Such values were theorized to represent three criteria of orientation, each one divided in two psychosocial functions: personal (experiential and promotion), central (preservation and supra-personal), and social (interactional and normative). Data were obtained from two diverse samples (N = 606). This typology was tested regarding to: (1) internal structure -a multidimensional scaling (MDS) permitted viewing these three criteria of orientation, and a confirmatory factor analysis proved their corresponding psychosocial functions; (2) convergence to Schwartz' theory -a MDS showed that the six psychosocial functions and the ten motivational types of values appeared in different spatial regions, but they were interpreted in the same terms; and (3) prediction of religiosity degree -consistently, this variable was positively and negatively correlated with normative and experiential values, respectively. In brief, this typology was not incompatible with Schwartz' theory, and supports the motivational nature of human values. However, it is more parsimonious, assuming a reduced set of basic values.Key words: basic values; motivation; needs; religiosity A tentativa de identificar os valores humanos básicos não é recente. Nas últimas décadas vários autores têm usado o termo valores básicos para representar diferentes atributos dos valores (Chinese Culture Connection, 1987;Kluckhohn, 1951;Ros, Schwartz, & Surkis, 1999;Schwartz, 1994). Por exemplo, este pode se referir ao grau de generaliz...

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Citation for published item:f inD ul qF nd wilfontD i no vF nd u shim D oshihis nd filewi zD wi h l nd horonD quy nd q r rsd¡ ottirD gn fF nd qouvei D ldiney F nd qu nD njun nd toh nssonD v rsEylof nd squ liD g rlot nd gorr lE erdugoD i tor nd er gonesD tu n sgn io nd tsugiD ekir nd hem rqueD ghristophe nd yttoD iegm r nd rkD toonh nd ol ndD w rtin nd tegD vind nd qonz¡ lezD o erto nd ve edev D x dezhd nd w dsenD yle t o nd gnerD gl ire nd ekoti D gh rity F nd uurzD im nd izD tos¡ e vF nd hultzD F esley nd iin rsd¡ ottirD qr¡ o nd violidisD xin wF @PHITA 9goE ene(ts of ddressing lim te h nge n motiv te tion round the worldF9D x ture lim te h ngeFD T @PAF ppF ISREISUF Further information on publisher's website:httpXGGdxFdoiForgGIHFIHQVGn lim tePVIR Publisher's copyright statement:Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. It is traditionally thought that the public must be convinced of the reality and importance of anthropogenic climate change in order to take personal and political action.However, convincing the broad public involves overcoming powerful ideological obstacles 1-4 , and in many places climate change is slipping in public importance 5,6 . Here we examined whether beliefs about the "co-benefits" of mitigating climate change 7 can avoid these obstacles by motivating behavior in both those who accept climate change and those who are unconvinced or unconcerned. We describe an integrative framework for assessing cobenefits 8 , distinguishing sociological dimensions (e.g., pollution, disease, economic development), and community character (e.g., benevolence, competence). Data from all inhabited continents (24 countries; N=6059), showed that two types of co-benefits, Development (economic and scientific advancement) and Benevolence (a more moral and caring community), rivalled climate change importance in the strength of their relationships with motivations to act. These co-benefits showed effects independent of climate change importance beliefs, and showed similar effects for both climate change believers and skeptics. Communicating these co-benefits of addressing climate change can help motivate action on climate change where traditional approaches have stalled.Those trying to motivate widespread public action on climate change face two hurdles.The first is to convince enough people that climate change is real and important. The second is to move people from accepting its reality and importance to taking action, both in their own lives and in convincing their governments to act. A sing...

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Prior research has shown a tendency for environmental problems to be rated as more severe at the global level than at the local level. The present article reports reanalyses of a large cross-cultural data set (Study 1: k = 22, N = 3,277) and new cross-cultural data (Study 2: k = 8, N = 1,131) examining the prevalence of this spatial bias in the rated severity of environmental problems Article 268 Environment and Behavior 46(3)along with analyses of individual and country-level predictors of this bias. Results from multilevel modeling analyses showed that spatial bias was greater for happier and younger individuals and for those from smaller communities. We interpret these results as evidence for self-serving and "place-serving" biases in which the bias tempers the severity of environmental problems in one's local area. Considering the large cross-cultural evidence, we argue that spatial bias is a plausible candidate of a psychological universal identified by research in environmental psychology.