Background The emergence of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in humans has been an important tool for the treatment of infertility. The number of treatments performed in Latin America has been increasing, and Mexico is the third country with the most assisted reproduction cycles performed in the region. However, Mexico lacks a national regulation for assisted reproduction. Therefore, it is necessary to implement regulations that allow for a safe clinical practice based on ethics which can be available to any social group. Main body The aim of this review was to examine the existing legislation that regulates human assisted reproduction practices in Mexico, but also to examine the legal analysis of the policies, laws, and regulations in effect in some countries in Latin America, North America, and Europe. For this, seven databases were consulted, and 34 articles from 2004 to 2021 referring to the practice of ART within the legal framework and the anthropological analysis that this entails were analyzed. Eight documents were also consulted such as the Mexican General Health Law of the Official Journal of the Federation (February 7, 1984) with its last published reform (DOF 01-06-2021). And three official agency websites were also consulted. No specific legislation was found for human assisted reproduction practices in Mexico; however, assisted reproduction clinics are ruled under some agreements implemented by national organizations such as the Mexican Association of Reproductive Medicine and, at the Latin America level, the Latin America Network of Assisted Reproduction (abbreviated REDLARA in Spanish); in addition, the practice of ART is considered, although not explicitly, in the General Health Law. Conclusion In Mexico, there is no legal regulation in charge of assisted reproduction practices, which is why there is an urgent need to establish human assisted reproduction laws without incurring discriminatory and unconstitutional acts, and at the same time, be in accordance with scientific advances. This will allow a considerable reduction in the violation of human rights.
Oocyte vitrification has become an important tool for the improvement of assisted reproduction in humans and other mammalian species. The toxicity and use of high cryoprotectants concentrations have been a limiting factor for cryopreservation success. The evaluation of the DNA damage generated in cumulus cells after mature cumulus-oocyte complexes vitrification can be considered as an indicator of oocyte quality since these cells play important roles in oocyte developmental competence. Alterations produced in these cells could compromise oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if matured cumulus-oocyte complexes exposure to cryoprotectants or vitrification affects both oocytes and cumulus cells viability, but also if DNA damage is generated in cumulus cells, affecting fertilization and embryo development. The DNA damage in cumulus cells was measured using the alkaline comet assay and expressed as Comet Tail Length and Olive Tail Moment. Results demonstrate that oocyte exposure to cryoprotectants or vitrification reduced oocyte and cumulus cells viability compared to control. Also, significantly higher DNA damage was generated in the cumulus cells after exposure to cryoprotectants and vitrification compared to control. In addition, fertilization and embryo development rates also decreased after exposure to cryoprotectants and vitrification. It was also found that fertilization and embryo development rates in granulose-intact oocytes were significantly higher compared to denuded oocytes in the control groups. However, a decline in oocyte fertilization and embryo development to the blastocyst stage was observed after cryoprotectants exposure or vitrification. This could be attributed to the reduction in both cell types viability, and the generation of DNA damage in the cumulus cells. These findings will allow to understand some of the mechanisms of oocyte damage after vitrification, and the search for new vitrification strategies to increase fertilization and embryo development rates.
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