In the western Amazon Basin, recent intensification of river-level cycles has increased flooding during the wet seasons and decreased precipitation during the dry season. Greater than normal floods occurred in 2009 and in all years from 2011 to 2015 during high-water seasons, and a drought occurred
This paper presents a methodology to analyze the sustainability presence level in the curriculum of an engineering degree. The methodology is applied to ten engineering degrees of the Spanish university system, taught in three different universities. The design used for the research is quantitative and correlational. The analytical instrument used is the engineering sustainability map, which contains the learning outcomes related to sustainability that are expected of engineering students upon completion of their studies. The methodology is used to analyze the curricula of the ten engineering degrees in order to identify what learning outcomes of the engineering sustainability map are developed in each degree. The results indicate that the sustainability competency least present in all the degrees is the “participation in community processes that promotes sustainability,” with an average presence of 23.3%, while the most present is the “application of ethical principles related to the values of sustainability in personal and professional behavior,” with an average presence of 76.6%. In general, learning outcomes related to sustainability have an average presence of 52.1%, so practically half of the cells in the ten engineering sustainability maps are not developed in the degrees under study.
This article presents the results of the EDINSOST project in relation to the university faculty’s practice concerns and the need to embed sustainability education in the Spanish Higher Education system. Four questions were devised to determine (1) which conceptions the university faculty has about sustainability in the context of the Spanish higher education (2) what sustainability competencies the university faculty holds (3) the ways in which sustainability teaching strategies are implemented and (4) the ways in which practical coursework related to sustainability is undertaken in a Spanish university context. The methodology that was applied was comprised of a discourse analysis of faculty focus groups. To that end, a category system and a focus group implementation protocol were designed and validated, as well as processes of construct elaboration based on the analysis of the focus groups’ discourses. Among the most relevant contributions stemming from the research questions regarding the faculty’s assumptions was the evidence that the holistic conception of sustainability is not addressed in all its dimensions and the environmental dimension is overemphasised. The need for training to teach sustainability competencies and the faculty’s lack of awareness were also identified. As far as sustainability teaching strategies are concerned, project-based learning prevails, with service-learning emerging as the most effective strategy, even though its application is hindered by faculty training gaps. Finally, the absence of sustainability in teaching guides and study plans and the scarce institutional support for establishing sustainability as a strategic subject in the university were significant findings.
Resumen:Este estudio pretende contribuir a clarificar la situación que vive el proceso de sostenibilización curricular en la educación superior española y a orientar trabajos posteriores sobre priorización de estrategias para avanzar en este camino.Se presenta una investigación de carácter descriptivo en la que se ha definido la problemática relacionada con el proceso de sostenibilización curricular en las universidades españolas. A través de dos consultas dirigidas a los expertos presentes en el Grupo “Sostenibilidad y Currículum”, un grupo de trabajo interuniversitario de la Comisión Sectorial de Calidad Ambiental, Desarrollo Sostenible y Prevención de Riesgos de la Conferencia de Rectores de las Universidades Españolas, y mediante un análisis cualitativo de las respuestas se han detectado los cinco principales problemas, se han ordenado por su influencia en el estado actual de la situación y se han aportado posibles soluciones a cada uno de ellos. Es de destacar que la situación de la sostenibilización curricular en España responde a múltiples factores, de entre los que los expertos destacan el papel del profesorado y su escasa formación en sostenibilidad y sostenibilidad curricular. Abstract:This study aims to contribute to clarify the situation in the process of sustainability curriculum in the Spanish universities and to guide further work on prioritization of strategies to move on this direction.An descriptive research that defines the problems related to the process of sustainability curriculum in Spanish universities is presented. Through two queries addressed to the intercollegiate group of experts "Sustainability and Curriculum", belonging to the Sectoral Commission on Environmental Quality, Sustainable Development and Risk Prevention Conference of Rectors of Spanish Universities, and through a qualitative analysis of the responses five main problems were detected, which have been ordered by their influence on the current status of the situation and possible solutions have been provided to each of them. It is noteworthy that the situation of sustainability curriculum in Spain responds to multiple factors, among which experts stress the role of teachers and their lack of training on sustainability and sustainability curriculum.
People throughout the world are adapting to alternative livelihoods as climate change transforms the earth. The western Amazon basin has recently gone through extreme flood levels that resulted in population declines of species used for wild meat, principally white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), red brocket deer (Mazama americana), lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), and black agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa). The Cocama (Kukama) people of the Samiria River have adapted to the declining wild meat populations by greatly reducing hunting and increasing their fishing activity. We evaluated the sustainability of subsistence hunting of peccaries, deer, lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), large rodents, and primates in flooded forests of the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve using camera trap capture rates, density from distance transects, and participatory interviews with Cocama villagers from 2009 to 2018. Peccaries, deer, and large rodents are recovering from population declines that occurred during extreme floods, which suggests that hunting levels are allowing these populations to grow. The primates and lowland tapir have healthy population sizes and stable numbers, which suggests people are hunting these species at sustainable levels. Our results indicate that changes in hunting patterns by the Cocama have permitted peccary, deer, and large rodent populations to recover to varying degrees during years of normal flood levels. The Cocama people are adapting to climate change in a way that agrees with conservation goals and reinforces the importance of community-based approaches to conservation in the Amazon.
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