IMPORTANCEThe incidence of stroke is higher in men than in women. The influence of sex-specific risk factors on stroke incidence and mortality is largely unknown.OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of female-and male-specific risk factors for stroke.DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE, and the bibliographies of articles were searched for studies published between January 1, 1985, and January 26, 2015, reporting on the association between female-and male-specific characteristics and stroke.STUDY SELECTION Observational studies reporting associations between sex-specific risk factors and stroke were selected.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two authors performed data extraction independently. Estimates were pooled with a generic variance-based, random-effects method. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. In addition, our study adhered to the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, any stroke, and stroke mortality. RESULTSThis systematic review and meta-analysis included 78 studies (70 longitudinal and 8 case-control) comprising 10 187 540 persons. In women, the pooled relative risks of ischemic stroke were 1.80 (95% CI, 1.49-2.18) after any hypertensive disorder in pregnancy (HDP) (gestational hypertension [GH], preeclampsia, or eclampsia) and 1.81 (95% CI, 1.44-2.27) after GH vs no HDP. The pooled relative risks of hemorrhagic stroke were 2.24 (95% CI, 1.19-4.21) in women with menopause at the age of at least 55 years vs 50 to 54 years and 5.08 (95% CI, 1.80-14.34) after GH vs no GH. The pooled relative risks of any stroke were 1.42 (95% CI, 1.34-1.50) after oophorectomy vs no oophorectomy, 0.88 (95% CI, 0.85-0.90) after hysterectomy vs no hysterectomy, 1.63 (95% CI, 1.52-1.75) after any vs no HDP, 1.54 (95% CI, 1.39-1.70) after preeclampsia or eclampsia, 1.51 (95% CI, 1.27-1.80) after GH vs no HDP, 1.62 (95% CI, 1.46-1.79) after preterm delivery, and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.15-3.02) after stillbirth vs no pregnancy complications. The pooled relative risk of stroke mortality was 1.57 (95% CI, 1.04-2.39) after GH vs no GH. In men, the pooled relative risks of ischemic stroke were 1.19 (95% CI, 1.05-1.34) after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) vs no ADT and 1.21 (95% CI, 1.00-1.46) after orchiectomy vs no orchiectomy. The pooled relative risks of any stroke were 1.21 (95% CI, 1.06-1.37) for ADT vs no ADT and 1.35 (95% CI, 1.18-1.53) for erectile dysfunction vs no dysfunction.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Female-specific characteristics increasing stroke risk include HDP for ischemic stroke, late menopause and gestational hypertension for hemorrhagic stroke, and oophorectomy, HDP, preterm delivery, and stillbirth for any stroke. Hysterectomy is possibly protective against any stroke. Male-specific characteristics increasing stroke risk include medical androgen deprivation therapy for ischemic and any stroke and erectile dysfunction for any stroke. C...

Objective The reported effects of treating cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) by neurosurgical excision or stereotactic radiosurgery are imprecise and vary between studies. Methods We searched Ovid Medline, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library for peer-reviewed publications of cohort studies describing outcomes of treating 20 or more patients with CCM with at least 80% completeness of follow-up. Two reviewers extracted data to quantify the incidence of a composite outcome (death, non-fatal intracranial haemorrhage, or new/worse persistent focal neurological deficit) after CCM treatment. We explored associations between summary measures of study characteristics and outcome using Poisson meta-regression analyses. Results We included 63 cohorts, involving 3424 patients. The incidence of the composite outcome was 6.6 (95% CI 5.7 to 7.5) per 100 person-years after neurosurgical excision (median follow-up 3.3 years) and 5.4 (95% CI 4.5 to 6.4) after stereotactic radiosurgery (median follow-up 4.1 years). After neurosurgical excision the incidence of the composite outcome increased with every per cent point increase in patients with brainstem CCM (rate ratio (RR) 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05), and decreased with each more recent study midyear (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.98) and each per cent point increase in patients presenting with haemorrhage (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.00). We did not find significant associations in studies of stereotactic radiosurgery. Conclusions The reported risks of CCM treatment (and the lower risks of neurosurgical excision over time, from recently bled CCMs, and for CCMs outside the brainstem) compare favourably with the risks of recurrent haemorrhage from CCM. Long-term effects, especially important for stereotactic radiosurgery, are unknown.

To address the absence of level 1 or 2 evidence to support CCM treatment decisions, there is a need for large studies of CCM treatment with a concurrent control group, ideally with randomized treatment allocation.

Aims Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with higher risk of stroke. While the prevalence of AF is low in the general population, risk prediction models might identify individuals for selective screening of AF. We aimed to systematically identify and compare the utility of established models to predict prevalent AF. Methods and results Systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE for risk prediction models for AF. We adapted established risk prediction models and assessed their predictive performance using data from 2.5M individuals who attended vascular screening clinics in the USA and the UK and in the subset of 1.2M individuals with CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2. We assessed discrimination using area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves and agreement between observed and predicted cases using calibration plots. After screening 6959 studies, 14 risk prediction models were identified. In our cohort, 10 464 (0.41%) participants had AF. For discrimination, six prediction model had AUROC curves of 0.70 or above in all individuals and those with CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2. In these models, calibration plots showed very good concordance between predicted and observed risks of AF. The two models with the highest observed prevalence in the highest decile of predicted risk, CHARGE-AF and MHS, showed an observed prevalence of AF of 1.6% with a number needed to screen of 63. Selective screening of the 10% highest risk identified 39% of cases with AF. Conclusion Prediction models can reliably identify individuals at high risk of AF. The best performing models showed an almost fourfold higher prevalence of AF by selective screening of individuals in the highest decile of risk compared with systematic screening of all cases. Registration This systematic review was registered (PROSPERO CRD42019123847).