Forest restoration has been proposed as a scalable nature-based solution to achieve global environmental and socio-economic outcomes and is central to many policy initiatives, such as the Bonn Challenge. Restored forests contain appreciable biodiversity, improve habitat connectivity and sequester carbon. Incentive mechanisms (e.g. payments for ecosystem services and allocation of management rights) have been a focus of forest restoration efforts for decades. Yet, there is still little understanding of their role in promoting restoration success. We conducted a systematic literature review to investigate how incentive mechanisms are used to promote forest restoration, outcomes, and the biophysical and socio-economic factors that influence implementation and program success. We found that socio-economic factors, such as governance, monitoring systems and the experience and beliefs of participants, dominate whether or not an incentive mechanism is successful. We found that approximately half of the studies report both positive ecological and socio-economic outcomes. However, reported adverse outcomes were more commonly socio-economic than ecological. Our results reveal that achieving forest restoration at a sufficient scale to meet international commitments will require stronger assessment and management of socio-economic factors that enable or constrain the success of incentive mechanisms. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration’.
La Ley 27811 del gobierno peruano es una ley sobre propiedad intelectual aprobada en 2002 y diseñada para registrar y proteger la sabiduría tradicional. Brinda oportunidades productivas para elaborar un análisis crítico y está formulada dentro de la trayectoria de los derechos de propiedad intelectual internacionales y discusiones que dificultan la integración de los conocimientos ecológicos tradicionales (CET) a los marcos de referencia científicos cartesianos. Este documento examina de manera crítica cómo ha sido implementada esta ley peruana y los impactos que tiene en las comunidades indígenas, particularmente en la alta Amazonía. El análisis está basado en el trabajo de la autora al asistir a las comunidades indígenas en San Martín a registrar sus conocimientos por medio de esta ley. Mientras que la ley representa un acercamiento legal avanzado para abordar las desigualdades del poder, sigue siendo problemática: no aborda el empobrecimiento de la población indígena y continúa subordinando los CET indígenas a la ciencia cartesiana. Aunque sí representa un reconocimiento simbólico del valor de los pueblos indígenas peruanos, aún son necesarios otros mecanismos para poder compensar la larga historia de colonización y racismo.
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