Promoting diversity is core for ecological restoration. Restoration projects often quantify biological diversity as a measure of success, but generally overlook human diversity, including gender issues, which have not been sufficiently considered in restoration planning, implementation, and monitoring. Here, we justify the need to consider gender equality in ecological restoration and offer guidance on adopting gender‐responsive approaches. Gender equality should be considered both a driver and a measure of success and will play a central role to leverage the contributions of restoration to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals and of women to its Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. We finally recommend that the International Principles and Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration are amended to include a gender‐responsive perspective in its recommendations.

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Forest restoration has been proposed as a scalable nature-based solution to achieve global environmental and socio-economic outcomes and is central to many policy initiatives, such as the Bonn Challenge. Restored forests contain appreciable biodiversity, improve habitat connectivity and sequester carbon. Incentive mechanisms (e.g. payments for ecosystem services and allocation of management rights) have been a focus of forest restoration efforts for decades. Yet, there is still little understanding of their role in promoting restoration success. We conducted a systematic literature review to investigate how incentive mechanisms are used to promote forest restoration, outcomes, and the biophysical and socio-economic factors that influence implementation and program success. We found that socio-economic factors, such as governance, monitoring systems and the experience and beliefs of participants, dominate whether or not an incentive mechanism is successful. We found that approximately half of the studies report both positive ecological and socio-economic outcomes. However, reported adverse outcomes were more commonly socio-economic than ecological. Our results reveal that achieving forest restoration at a sufficient scale to meet international commitments will require stronger assessment and management of socio-economic factors that enable or constrain the success of incentive mechanisms. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration’.

The Neotropical Toechorychus Townes is revised, cladistically defined, and diagnosed. A total of 40 species are recognized, 35 of which are described as new: T. amapaeus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. amazonensis Tedesco, sp. nov., T. barticus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. benius Tedesco, sp. nov., T. bombuscarus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. calius Tedesco, sp. nov., T. callangus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. catarinus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. coaracius Tedesco, sp. nov., T. darienus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. fluminensis Tedesco, sp. nov., T. guarapuavus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. heredius Tedesco, sp. nov., T. itapuensis Tedesco, sp. nov., T. jatainus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. kawus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. linaresius Tedesco, sp. nov., T. marcapatus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. marowijnus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. martinus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. melgassus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. morelus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. napus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. nourageus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. ondensis Tedesco, sp. nov., T. paramaribus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. pirrus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. sinopus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. surinamus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. taperinus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. teutonius Tedesco, sp. nov., T. tumazulus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. vilhenus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. vinhaticus Tedesco, sp. nov., T. zulius Tedesco, sp. nov. The other valid species are T. abactus (Cresson), T. albimaculatus (Taschenberg), T. brevicaudis (Szépligeti), T. cassunungae (Brauns), and T. stramineus (Taschenberg). Toechorychus can be recognized by the epicnemial carina usually not reaching more than 0.3 of the distance to subtegular ridge; dorsal valve of ovipositor with a subapical V-shaped sulcus; ovipositor with a subapical constriction; ovipositor sheath about 0.1 as long as hind tibia; and dorsal margin of pronotum swollen. A key and descriptions, including photographic illustrations and distribution maps, are provided to all valid species; a cladistic analysis of the genus is also performed. Seventy three new characters are proposed for the analysis of Cryptinae phylogeny. Toechorychus was recovered as a monophyletic group supported by 7–17 synapomorphies, closely related to Lymeon Förster and Acerastes Cushman. Two new synapomorphies are discovered for Toechorychus, a subapical V-shaped sulcus at the dorsal valve of the ovipositor, and a subapical constriction of the ovipositor present basad of the apical teeth of the ventral valve. Published host records were compiled and three new records are provided as follows: T. albimaculatus is a parasitoid of Mischocyttarus drewseni (Saussure) (Vespidae, Polistinae); T. stramineus is a parasitoid of M. basimacula (Cameron) and T. heredius sp. nov. is a parasitoid of M. collarellus Richards. A neotype is designated for T. cassunungae.

Polyphrix stellata sp. nov., from the Brazilian Amazon Forest, is described and illustrated. The validity of the genus is cladistically tested using implied weighting, in a matrix with 26 species and 75 morphological characters. Concavity constants (K) from 1 to 6 were tested. All analyses recovered all known Polyphrix species as a monophyletic group. The preferred results, with K2–6, suggest (Prosthoporus nigrifemur Gupta + Lagarosoma assitum Gupta) + Messatoporus sp. as the sister group of the genus; with K1, this group also included two species of Gabuniina. The results with K1–5 suggest an Amazonian origin of the genus, with species from northern Brazil appearing basally in the clade, while both Atlantic Forest species appear as sister groups. A redescription of Polyphrix is presented, combining the original definition with recently published additions and original information. An updated key to species is presented, and new morphometric data is provided for P. varians and P. cristata. Prosthoporus mexicanus comb. nov. is proposed as a new combination for Polyphrix mexicanus Kasparyan & Ruíz, representing the first record of Prosthoporus from North America. Seven new distribution records are provided for Polyphrix, expanding its known range to 29º51' of latitude, from Guyana to Paraná (southern Brazil).

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Priotomis vinhai Tedesco, sp. nov., from the restingas of southeastern Brazil, P. echyrus Tedesco, sp. nov., from Mexico and Costa Rica, and Priotomis flammatus Tedesco, sp. nov., from Panama and Brazil, are described and illustrated. The monophyly of the genus and the relationships of its species were cladistically tested using implied weighting, in a matrix with 22 species, including four species of Priotomis, and 92 external structural characters. Concavity constants (K) from 1 to 6 were tested. All analyses recovered Priotomis as monophyletic. A redescription of Priotomis is presented, combining the original definition with original information, expanding the limits of the genus. All results indicate P. vinhai, sp. nov. as the basal-most species of the genus; all results with K=2–5 recovered the apical clade P. rana + (P. echyrus, sp. nov. + P. flammatus, sp. nov.). An updated key to species is presented. Additional distribution records are provided, expanding the known range of Priotomis to 41º11’ latitude degrees, from Mexico to Argentina.