The hallmark for protein kinase C activation is its "translocation" to membranes following generation of lipid second messengers. This translocation is mediated by the C1 and C2 domains, two membrane-targeting modules, whose engagement on membranes provides the energy for an activating conformational change in which an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate sequence is released from the active site. Novel and conventional protein kinase C isozymes contain a tandem repeat of C1 domains, the C1A and C1B, which each contain a binding pocket for phorbol esters/diacylglycerol. This study addresses the contribution of the C1A and C1B domains in the regulation of protein kinase C's membrane interaction using bisfunctional (dimeric) phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) molecules. We show that dimeric bisphorbols are an order of magnitude more effective at recruiting full-length PKC betaII to membranes compared with monomeric PMA and that the effectiveness of the interaction depends on the nature and length of the cross-link between the PMA moieties. Most effective were dimeric phorbol 12-acetate 13-esters linked at the 13 position with a 14 carbon spacer. The increased potency of dimeric phorbol esters is reduced if either the C1A or C1B domains are mutated so that they are unable to bind PMA, if one moiety of the dimer contains a nonfunctional phorbol, or if the binding to the isolated C1B domain is measured. Thus, the increased potency of the dimeric phorbol esters results primarily from their ability to engage, to a limited extent, both C1 modules on the same molecule. Although dimeric phorbols were more potent than monomeric phorbol esters in recruiting protein kinase C to membranes, the magnitude of the increase was still several orders of magnitude lower than what would be predicted on the basis of the reduction in dimensionality that occurs when the first C1 domain is engaged on the membrane. Thus, engaging both domains can be forced but is highly unfavored. In summary, our data reveal that both C1 domains are oriented for potential membrane interaction but only one C1 domain binds ligand in a physiological context.

Synthesis and stability studies of exocyclic amino triazine nucleosides were performed. Stability of the nucleosides was found to be dependent on triazine ring electron density, solvent, and pH. The nucleosides were found to be more stable when the triazine ring was electron deficient, in high pH aqueous solutions and in aprotic solvents.

A new alkyne-containing chelating ligand, 1,2-di(quinolin-8-yl)ethyne, is shown to form a mononuclear 1:1 complex with silver(I) and chelate the metal ion through both nitrogens and the ethyne moiety as seen by UV and NMR spectroscopy as well as X-ray crystallography.

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