Numerous narrative reviews related to innovation in work organizations have been published, yet very few quantitative reviews have been conducted. The present meta-analysis investigates the relationships between four predictor types (individual differences, motivation, job characteristics, and contextual influences) and individual-level workplace innovation. Results indicated that individual factors, characteristics of the job, and factors of the environment were moderately associated with phases of the innovation process. Implications for future research opportunities are discussed. Keywords:Innovation, meta-analysis, personality, climate, motivation, leadership Meta-Analysis of Individual Innovation 4Predictors of Individual-Level Innovation at Work: A Meta-AnalysisThe importance of innovation for organizational success has been increasingly noted in the conceptual and empirical literature of the organizational sciences (e.g., Agars, Kaufman, & Locke, 2008; Anderson, De Dreu, & Nijstad, 2004;West, 2002). In response to the emergence of innovation as a critical factor in creating and maintaining organizational competitiveness, a wide array of individual, job, and environmental factors have been examined in relation to employee innovation. Although numerous narrative reviews of work-related innovation have been published (e.g., Egan, 2005;Mumford, 2003;Patterson, 2002;Shalley & Gilson, 2004;Shalley, Zhou, & Oldham, 2004;Zhou & Shalley, 2003), little attention has been given to quantitative reviews. Baas, DeDreu, and Nijstad (2008) conducted a meta-analysis on mood and creativity; however, the majority of the included studies were laboratory experiments with student participants. With the exception of one meta-analysis of organizational level innovation (Damanpour, 1991), a second examining personality and creativity for artists and scientists

We describe a series of highly soluble diketo pyrrolo-pyrrole (DPP)-bithiophene copolymers exhibiting field effect hole mobilities up to 0.74 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), with a common synthetic motif of bulky 2-octyldodecyl side groups on the conjugated backbone. Spectroscopy, diffraction, and microscopy measurements reveal a transition in molecular packing behavior from a preferentially edge-on orientation of the conjugated plane to a preferentially face-on orientation as the attachment density of the side chains increases. Thermal annealing generally reduces both the face-on population and the misoriented edge-on domains. The highest hole mobilities of this series were obtained from edge-on molecular packing and in-plane liquid-crystalline texture, but films with a bimodal orientation distribution and no discernible in-plane texture exhibited surprisingly comparable mobilities. The high hole mobility may therefore arise from the molecular packing feature common to the entire polymer series: backbones that are strictly oriented parallel to the substrate plane and coplanar with other backbones in the same layer.

We report quantitative measurements of ordering, molecular orientation, and nanoscale morphology in the active layer of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic cells based on a thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-alt-benzodithiophene copolymer (PTB7), which has been shown to yield very high power conversion efficiency when blended with [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(71)BM). A surprisingly low degree of order was found in the polymer-far lower in the bulk heterojunction than in pure PTB7. X-ray diffraction data yielded a nearly full orientation distribution for the polymer π-stacking direction within well-ordered regions, revealing a moderate preference for π-stacking in the vertical direction ("face-on"). By combining molecular orientation information from polarizing absorption spectroscopies with the orientation distribution of ordered material from diffraction, we propose a model describing the PTB7 molecular orientation distribution (ordered and disordered), with the fraction of ordered polymer as a model parameter. This model shows that only a small fraction (≈20%) of the polymer in the PTB7/PC(71)BM blend is ordered. Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy shows that the morphology of PTB7/PC(71)BM is composed of nanoscale fullerene-rich aggregates separated by polymer-rich regions. The addition of diiodooctane (DIO) to the casting solvent, as a processing additive, results in smaller domains and a more finely interpenetrating BHJ morphology, relative to blend films cast without DIO.

Defined by their solubility in toluene and insolubility in n-heptane, asphaltenes are a highly aromatic, polydisperse mixture consisting of the heaviest and most polar fraction of crude oil. Although asphaltenes are critically important to the exploitation of conventional oil and are poised to rise in significance along with the exploitation of heavy oil, even as fundamental a quantity as their molecular weight distribution is unknown to within an order of magnitude. Laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectra vary greatly with experimental parameters so are difficult to interpret: some groups favor high laser pulse energy measurements (yielding heavy molecular weights), arguing that high pulse energy is required to detect the heaviest components of this mixture; other groups favor low pulse energy measurements (yielding light molecular weights), arguing that low pulse energy is required to avoid aggregation in the plasma plume. Here we report asphaltene mass spectra recorded with two-step laser mass spectrometry (L2MS), in which desorption and ionization are decoupled and no plasma is produced. L2MS mass spectra of asphaltenes are insensitive to laser pulse energy and other parameters, demonstrating that the asphaltene molecular weight distribution can be measured without limitation from insufficient laser pulse energy or plasma-phase aggregation. These data resolve the controversy from LDI, showing that the asphaltene molecular weight distribution peaks near 600 Da and previous measurements reporting much heavier species suffered from aggregation effects.

The source and nature of carbon on Mars have been a subject of intense speculation. We report the results of confocal Raman imaging spectroscopy on 11 martian meteorites, spanning about 4.2 billion years of martian history. Ten of the meteorites contain abiotic macromolecular carbon (MMC) phases detected in association with small oxide grains included within high-temperature minerals. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected along with MMC phases in Dar al Gani 476. The association of organic carbon within magmatic minerals indicates that martian magmas favored precipitation of reduced carbon species during crystallization. The ubiquitous distribution of abiotic organic carbon in martian igneous rocks is important for understanding the martian carbon cycle and has implications for future missions to detect possible past martian life.

Two-step laser mass spectrometry (L 2 MS) is explored as a technique to measure the molecular-mass distribution of asphaltenes. Unlike widely used laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry, in which a single laser pulse is used to desorb and ionize asphaltenes, L 2 MS involves two laser pulses and spatially and temporally separates the desorption and ionization events. This process allows L 2 MS to measure the asphaltene molecular-mass distribution free from artifacts resulting from aggregation and insufficient laser power, as occur in LDI. Studies of relevant model compounds show that L 2 MS detects these molecules without aggregation (unlike LDI), with only a minimum of fragmentation/multiple charging, and with relatively uniform sensitivity across the relevant mass range; however, the efficiency of the resonant ionization process is sensitive to molecular structure. These data suggest that L 2 MS does not suffer from significant mass discrimination in the relevant mass range and that L 2 MS provides a slight underestimate of the asphaltene molecular-mass distribution. Petroleum asphaltenes from different geographical origins are found to have similar mass spectra, all showing a peak at every nominal mass under an envelope beginning at 200 units, peaking at 500-600 units, and extending to 1000-1500 units. Coal asphaltenes are found to be considerably lighter and less complex, showing pronounced clusters of peaks separated by 14 units under an envelope beginning at 200 units, peaking at 300 units, and extending to 500 units. These results bring the molecular-mass distribution of asphaltenes as measured by laser desorption mass spectrometry in accordance with many other mass spectrometry and diffusion measurements.

Spherical gold nanoparticles and flat gold films are prepared in which yeast iso-1-cytochrome c (Cyt c) is covalently bound to the gold surface by a thiol group in the cystein 102 residue. Upon exposure to solutions of different pH, bound Cyt c unfolds at low pH and refolds at high pH. This conformational change causes measurable shifts in the color of the coated nanoparticle solutions detected by UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy and in the refractive index (RI) of the flat gold films detected by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. Both experiments demonstrate the same trend with pH, suggesting the use of protein-covered gold nanoparticles as a simple colorimetric sensor for conformational change.

Monolayer arrays of polystyrene−poly(2-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer cylinders with excellent orientational order and a very low density of dislocations are prepared by cooling slowly from above the bulk order−disorder temperature (ODT) ∼212 °C within silicon oxide channels one cylinder spacing a in depth and 2 μm in width. The translational order of this array, however, is short range with a correlation length of ∼12a. If such an array is heated to a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the block copolymer (100 °C) but well below the ODT, a finite density of thermally generated dislocations is observed, which leads to a decrease in the translational correlation length and an appearance of quasi-long-range orientational order such that the orientational correlation function g 2(r) decays as a power law, i.e., g 2(r) ≈ (r/a)-η 2 ( T ). The state of disorder at any given temperature appears to be an equilibrium one since cylinder arrays with similar dislocation densities and correlation functions can be obtained either by heating from the well-ordered state or by cooling slowly directly to the final temperature and holding at that temperature for a sufficient time. Above a temperature of 195 °C, the orientational order becomes short range (g 2(r) decaying exponentially with r), and a large density of disclinations is observed in addition to the dislocations. The cylinder array becomes isotropic above this temperature, which is ∼20 °C below the bulk ODT. These results are in qualitative agreement with the theory of Toner and Nelson which describes the thermal generation of disorder and ultimate melting of a two-dimensional smectic.