The Intel Itanium architecture uses a dedicated 32entry hardware table, the Advanced Load Address Table (ALAT) to support data speculation via an instruction set interface. This study presents an empirical evaluation of the use of the ALAT and data speculative instructions for several optimizing compilers. We determined what and how often compilers generated the different speculative instructions, and used the Itanium's hardware performance counters to evaluate their run-time behavior. We also performed a limit study by modifying one compiler to always generate data speculation when possible. We found that this aggressive approach significantly increased the amount of data speculation and often resulted in performance improvements, of as much as 10% in one case. Since it worsened performance only for one application and then only for some inputs, we conclude that more aggressive data speculation heuristics than those employed by current compilers are desirable and may further improve performance gains from data speculation.
"A Faded Leaf of History" (1873) reflects Rebecca
Harding Davis's spiritual activism, or her own textual "message to
be given." Emphasizing dialogic play, Davis enshrines a double-voiced
narrative that not only challenges the imperialist biases manifest in
Jonathan Dickinson's popular seventeenth-century captivity narrative,
but more important, offers an alternate history of women and
nature. Accordingly, "A Faded Leaf of History" coalesces one woman's
spirituality, social activism, and protoecofeminist sensibilities through
aesthetic representation. This article addresses that representation as
a spiritual enterprise in order to chronicle Davis's temporal fusion of
artistry and activism in the name of women and nature.
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