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In this study, we evaluated the peak torque, functional torque ratios, and torque curve profile of the shoulder rotators in overhead athletes with impingement symptoms so as to examine possible alterations in response to sports training and shoulder pain. Twenty-one overhead athletes with impingement symptoms were compared with 25 overhead athletes and 21 non-athletes, none of whom were symptomatic for impingement. The participants performed five maximal isokinetic concentric and eccentric contractions of medial and lateral shoulder rotations at 1.57 rad · s(-1) and 3.14 rad · s(-1). Isokinetic peak torque was used to calculate the eccentric lateral rotation-to-concentric medial rotation and the eccentric medial rotation-to-concentric lateral rotation ratios. An analysis of the torque curve profiles was also carried out. The eccentric lateral rotation-to-concentric medial rotation torque ratio of asymptomatic athletes was lower than that of non-athletes at both test velocities. The concentric medial rotation isokinetic peak torque of the asymptomatic athletes, at 3.14 rad · s(-1), was greater than that of the non-athletes, and the peak appeared to occur earlier in the movement for athletes than non-athletes. These findings suggest that there may be adaptations to shoulder function in response to throwing practice. The eccentric medial rotation-to-concentric lateral rotation torque ratio was altered neither by the practice of university-level overhead sports nor impingement symptoms.

Introduction: Shoulder instability is a common problem that usually affects patients on their second or third decades of life and athletes who practice throwing or contact sports. Its consequences are pain, decrease of activity level and general decrease in the quality of life. Many treatments have been used to the different types of instability; however, there are few instruments of evaluation that prove their efficacy. In order to apply evaluation measures in health used and developed for another idiom, it is necessary to do the transcultural equivalency, being unnecessary the creation and validation of another instrument that evaluates the condition under interest. The objective of this study was to do the translation and cultural adaptation of the WOSI scale (The Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index) to Brazilian Portuguese. Materials and methods: The applied protocol consisted of: 1) Preparation, 2) Translation, 3) Back-Translation, 4) Cognitive Interrogatory and 5) Information Report. After the conclusion of the translation and back-translation, the versions were sent to the original WOSI authors who approved the continuation of the study. The Portuguese version was applied in 35 patients with shoulder instability to verify the instrument's level of comprehension. The final Brazilian WOSI version was concluded after reaching less than 15% of "no comprehension" in each item. To analyze the variables, descriptive statistics was applied. Results: To obtain the cultural equivalency, modifications and terms alterations suggested by the patients for the items "no comprehension" were done. Conclusion: After the translation and cultural adaptation of the scale, the WOSI Portuguese version was accomplished.

Objective: To establish normative data for muscle performance during isokinetic horizontal abduction and adduction of the shoulder in elite junior tennis players. Methods: Thirty six tennis players were evaluated (23 male, 13 female; mean age 14 years (range 12-18)). An isokinetic dynamometer was used to test the shoulder horizontal abductors and adductors at 60 and 180˚/s. Absolute and relative peak torque (PT and PT/BW), total work (TW), endurance ratio (ER), and the ratio of the peak torque between horizontal abductors and adductors (HAB/HAD ratio) were recorded. Data were compared for the dominant and non-dominant shoulders, horizontal abductor and adductor muscles, and between players grouped according to age. Results: The dominant shoulder was significantly (p,0.05) stronger than the non-dominant shoulder in all variables except ER and HAB/HAD ratio. The abductors were significantly (p,0.05) weaker than the adductors in all subjects. The type of backhand (one handed or two handed) did not influence the strength of the shoulder horizontal abductors on the dominant side. The number of years of tennis practice had an effect on muscle strength as evaluated by absolute data (PT and TW) but not relative measurements (PT/ BW and TW/BW). Conclusion: The findings confirm that horizontal abduction and adduction are stronger in the dominant shoulder of junior tennis players. The clinical relevance of these findings is not established, and more studies are needed to compare tennis players with athletes from other sports and non-athletes.

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