Anatomical glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and symmetric rotational strength in male and female young beach volleyball players

Saccol, Michele Forgiarini; Almeida, Gabriel Peixoto Leão; Souza, V. M.

doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.08.003

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…2b). According to Saccol et al, 15 the dynamometer was maintained fixed to a structure with wall support in order to avoid any interference in the stabilization. The isometric strength test consisted of three ER and IR repetitions of a 5 s maximal effort, with 30 s rest between each trial.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 Several authors reported significantly greater IR strength 6,7,16,19 and lower ER/IR ratio 6,16 in the dominant shoulder in asymptomatic tennis players compared to the nondominant shoulder. In uninjured elite tennis players, the recommended ER/IR strength ratio ranges between 61-76%, meaning that ER should have at least 2/3 of the IR strength.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 In addition to shoulder ROM, strength of the shoulder rotator cuff muscles seems to be essential in order to dynamically stabilize the joint. 15 In overhead athletes 15 and healthy tennis players, 6,7,[16][17][18] shoulder muscle imbalance and side to side differences between shoulders often occurs as the result of an adaptation players were divided into two groups: a) NPH group, which included 38 individuals who had not experienced shoulder pain; b) PH group, which included 20 tennis players who had experienced shoulder pain that had prevented them from training and/or competing in the 12 months prior to the study (mean time from injury to testing 4.49 ± 2.06 months) and had no pain history in the two months prior to the study. Five male players were excluded from the study because they reported shoulder pain during the recording session.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Study of Passive Shoulder Rotation Range of Motion, Isometric Rotation Strength and Serve Speed Between Elite Tennis Players With and Without History of Shoulder Pain

Moreno-Pérez

Elvira

Fernández-Fernández

et al. 2018

Intl J Sports Phys Ther

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Background: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and external rotation strength have been associated with the development of shoulder pain in overhead athletes.Objective: To examine the bilateral passive shoulder rotational range of motion (ROM), the isometric rotational strength and unilateral serve speed in elite tennis players with and without shoulder pain history (PH and NPH, respectively) and compare between dominant and non-dominant limbs and between groups.Study Design: Cohort study.Methods: Fifty-eight elite tennis players were distributed into the PH group (n = 20) and the NPH group (n = 38). Serve velocity, dominant and non-dominant passive shoulder external and internal rotation (ER and IR) ROM, total arc of motion (TAM: the sum of IR and ER ROM), ER and IR isometric strength, bilateral deficits and ER/IR strength ratio were measured in both groups. Questionnaires were administered in order to classify characteristics of shoulder pain. Results:The dominant shoulder showed significantly reduced IR ROM and TAM, and increased ER ROM compared to the non-dominant shoulder in both groups. Isometric ER strength and ER/IR strength ratio were significantly lower in the dominant shoulder in the PH group when compared with the NPH group. No significant differences between groups were found for serve speed. Conclusion:These data show specific adaptations in the IR, TAM and ER ROM in the dominant shoulder in both groups. Isometric ER muscle weakness and ER/IR strength ratio deficit appear to be associated with history of shoulder injuries in elite tennis players. It would be advisable for clinicians to use the present information to design injury prevention programs. Level of evidence: 2

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Study of Passive Shoulder Rotation Range of Motion, Isometric Rotation Strength and Serve Speed Between Elite Tennis Players With and Without History of Shoulder Pain

Moreno-Pérez

Elvira

Fernández-Fernández

et al. 2018

Intl J Sports Phys Ther

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“…6,44,45 Such paired adaptations in ROM of the shoulder in overhead athletes often contribute to asymmetries correlated with patterns of increased injury risk, performance deficit, and potentially to pathological circumstances such as Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) in overhead athletes. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]44,45 As such, it is plausible that increasing IR without paired increases in ER, moving ROM toward a state of symmetry, is a beneficial adaptation in healthy populations for injury prevention. For overhead athletes, this means that TMR ® may potentially prepare the shoulder for throwing, spiking, and serving far better than static and dynamic stretching through rapid increase of shoulder IR through motor neuron adaptation, via increases in trunk stability, rotatory control, and RI alterations throughout the shoulder girdle.…”

Section: Clinical Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] As a result, overhead athletes may present with increased external rotation (ER) and decreased internal rotation (IR) of the dominant shoulder. 1,[3][4][5][6][7] Range of motion (ROM) adaptations, via the reduction of total rotational ROM, may elevate risk of shoulder injury, result in lost training and competition time, and raise the potential for decreases in performance via common injury patterns. 9,10 Researchers suggest the goals of performance readiness be accomplished via the progressive sequencing of warm-up activities including lowintensity aerobic exercise, stretching, high load dynamic drills, and sports specific exercises.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of a Novel Return-to-Ride Concussion Management Policy for Collegiate Hunter/Jumper Equestrian Athletes

Dexter

Loftis

Baker

et al. 2020

Clin Prac Athl Train

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Healthy athletes commonly engage in pre-participation warm-up strategies designed to physiologically and mechanically prepare the body for training and competition. Alterations in rotational range of motion (ROM) of the dominant shoulder in overhead athletes, resulting in total rotation ROM loss, correlate with performance deficit, injury risk, and lost training time. Researchers have suggested that interventions using Total Motion Release ® (TMR ®) increase shoulder ROM more effectively than traditional warm-up methods. A randomized pre-test post-test trial was used to explore the effects of a regionally interdependent application of TMR ® via a forward flexed trunk twist (FFTT) and seated straight leg raise (SLR) compared to a traditionally designed athletic warm-up on active shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) in healthy overhead athletes measured with the Clinometer © smartphone application. Participants included twenty-two NCAA Division I, III, Club, and Secondary School senior student-athletes (9 javelin, 7 volleyball, 6 baseball; 13females, 9-males; age= 19.3±1.1 years; height= 178±11.4 cm; weight= 76.4±11.2 kg), randomly assigned to TMR ® (TMRG; n=11) and traditional warm-up (TWG; n=11) groups. The TMRG performed 3 sets of FFTT and SLR, each held for 20 seconds to the side of ease. The TWG completed a traditionally designed athletic warm-up including running, athletic drills, and dynamic and static stretching. The TMRG experienced significantly greater increases in dominant shoulder IR, non-dominant shoulder IR, and non-dominant shoulder ER (mean change =+9.5°, +7.5 o , +4.7 o), than the TWG (+1.7°,-6.7°,-4°) respectively. Intervention time to completion was also different between groups (TMRG = 7mins TWG = 25mins). This study indicates that an indirect TMR ® application produces efficient meaningful changes in rotational active range of motion (AROM) of the shoulder in overhead athletes.

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Bilateral glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) in elite gymnasts

Doyscher

Rühl

Czichy

et al. 2022

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg

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Introduction The “Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD)” is known as the difference in internal rotation range of motion (IRRM) between the dominant and non-dominant shoulder of overhead athletes as a result of asymmetric loading. As in contrast loading pattern in gymnastics are quite symmetric and structural changes often occur bilaterally, the question arises if GIRD might develop bilaterally in gymnasts as one source of common bilateral shoulder pathologies and to search for underlying structural adaptations. Materials and methods A group of 35 elite gymnasts (8–24 years) were recruited from a local Olympic Training Centre and compared to a paired cohort of 28 non-overhead athletes. Clinical examinations, digital range of motion (ROM)-measurement, ultrasonographic humeral torsion measurement, and standardized MRI scans of both shoulders were obtained and examined for structural pathologies, cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the rotator cuff muscles and capsular thickness. Results ROM-measurements showed significant decrease in IRRM in the gymnasts groups by age, with IRRM of 48.6° (SD: 8.4°, CI 95%: 43.0–54.3°) at age group 1 (8–10 years) and IRRM of 10° (SD: 11.4°; CI 95%: 0–22.0°) at age group 4 (18–26 years), that was statistically significant for the entire cohort (p = 0.017) compared to the controls. CSA were not significantly different between the cohorts, while there was a slightly increased humeral retrotorsion in the gymnasts as well as a statistically significant posterior capsular thickening. Conclusion A new bilateral form of GIRD was identified in higher age groups of youth and senior elite gymnasts enrolled in this study. Despite to former definition of GIRD there was no compensatory increase in external rotation range of motion (ERRM) but an association with posterior capsular thickening, while there was no periscapular muscle hypertrophy. Humeral retrotorsion was also slightly increased in the gymnasts group.

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Anatomical glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and symmetric rotational strength in male and female young beach volleyball players

Cited by 27 publications

References 19 publications

A Comparative Study of Passive Shoulder Rotation Range of Motion, Isometric Rotation Strength and Serve Speed Between Elite Tennis Players With and Without History of Shoulder Pain

A Comparative Study of Passive Shoulder Rotation Range of Motion, Isometric Rotation Strength and Serve Speed Between Elite Tennis Players With and Without History of Shoulder Pain

Implementation of a Novel Return-to-Ride Concussion Management Policy for Collegiate Hunter/Jumper Equestrian Athletes

Bilateral glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) in elite gymnasts

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