Aims. We present a novel method for studying the thermal emission of exoplanets as a function of orbital phase at very high spectral resolution, and use it to investigate the climate of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b. Methods. We combine three nights of HARPS-N and two nights of CARMENES optical spectra, covering orbital phases between quadratures (0.25 < ϕ < 0.75), when the planet shows its day-side hemisphere with different geometries. We co-add the signal of thousands of Fe i lines through cross-correlation, which we map to a likelihood function. We investigate the phase-dependence of two separate observable quantities, namely (i) the line depths of Fe i and (ii) their Doppler shifts, introducing a new method that exploits the very high spectral resolution of our observations. Results. We confirm a previous detection of Fe i emission, and demonstrate a precision of 0.5 km s −1 on the orbital properties of KELT-9b when combining all nights of observations. By studying the phase-resolved Doppler shift of Fe i lines, we detect an anomaly in the planet's orbital radial velocity well-fitted with a slightly eccentric orbital solution (e = 0.016 ± 0.003, ω = 150 +13 • −11 , 5σ preference). However, we argue that this anomaly is caused by atmospheric circulation patterns, and can be explained if neutral iron gas is advected by day-to-night atmospheric wind flows of the order of a few km s −1 . We additionally show that the Fe i emission line depths are symmetric around the substellar point within 10 • (2σ), possibly indicating the lack of a large hot-spot offset at the altitude probed by neutral iron emission lines. Finally, we do not obtain a significant preference for models with a strong phase-dependence of the Fe i emission line strength. We show that these results are qualitatively compatible with predictions from general circulation models (GCMs) for ultra-hot Jupiter planets. Conclusions. Very high-resolution spectroscopy phase curves are of sufficient sensitivity to reveal a phase dependence in both the line depths and their Doppler shifts throughout the orbit. They constitute an under-exploited treasure trove of information that is highly complementary to space-based phase curves obtained with HST and JWST, and open a new window onto the still poorly understood climate and atmospheric structure of the hottest planets known to date.

Background: The purpose of this review is to describe the possible effect of toothbrushing on surface roughness of resin-contained CAD/CAM materials. Methods: Systematic literature search for articles published in peer-reviewed journals between January 2000 and February 2020 has been conducted, which evaluated the effect of brushing on surface roughness of resin-contained CAD/CAM dental materials. The research was conducted in Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Science Direct using a combination of the following MeSH/Emtree terms: “brushing”, “resin-based”, “dental”, “CAD/CAM”, and “surface roughness”. Results: A total of 249 articles were found in the search during initial screening. Fifty-five articles were selected for the full-text evaluation after the steps of reading of abstract/title and remotion of duplicate. Only six articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The Cohen’s Kappa agreement test showed an index of 0.91 for full-text. Discussion: Four of five selected articles identified an increase of surface roughness on resin-contained CAD/CAM materials after toothbrushing. Although all the articles examined used different toothpastes with no homogeneous relative dentine abrasivity (RDA) and cycles of brushing, the findings are about the same. The possible reason is attributable to the compositions of the resin-contained CAD/CAM materials. Conclusions: The surface roughness of most resin-contained CAD/CAM materials was affected by artificial toothbrushing. Correct knowledge of the composition of the dental material and toothpastes is fundamental to avoid an increase of surface roughness on prosthetic rehabilitation.

Several studies have demonstrated a strong relation between periodontal diseases and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The main mechanisms at the base of this link are malnutrition, vitamin dysregulation, especially of B-group vitamins and of C and D vitamins, oxidative stress, metabolic acidosis and low-grade inflammation. In particular, in hemodialysis (HD) adult patients, an impairment of nutritional status has been observed, induced not only by the HD procedures themselves, but also due to numerous CKD-related comorbidities. The alteration of nutritional assessment induces systemic manifestations that have repercussions on oral health, like oral microbiota dysbiosis, slow healing of wounds related to hypovitaminosis C, and an alteration of the supporting bone structures of the oral cavity related to metabolic acidosis and vitamin D deficiency. Low-grade inflammation has been observed to characterize periodontal diseases locally and, in a systemic manner, CKD contributes to the amplification of the pathological process, bidirectionally. Therefore, CKD and oral disease patients should be managed by a multidisciplinary professional team that can evaluate the possible co-presence of these two pathological conditions, that negatively influence each other, and set up therapeutic strategies to treat them. Once these patients have been identified, they should be included in a follow-up program, characterized by periodic checks in order to manage these pathological conditions.

Among the chronic non-communicable degenerative diseases (CDNCDs), chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a global public health problem. Recent studies demonstrate a mutual cause–effect relationship between CKD and oral diseases, in which the presence of one induces the onset and faster progression of the other. In particular, the oral cavity alterations more frequent in CKD patients are: chronic periodontitis diseases, bone lesions, oral infections, and oral cancer lesions. Currently, a standardized therapy for the treatment of oral diseases is lacking. For this reason, natural bioactive compounds (NBCs), characterized by several health effects, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer actions, represent a new possible adjuvant therapy in the management of these pathological conditions. Among NBCs, polyphenols play a leading role due to positive modulation of oral microbiota, preventing and correcting oral dysbiosis. Moreover, these compounds exert anti-inflammatory effects, such as inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of cycloxigenase-2. In this light, the formulation of a new mouthwash/gel/gingival paste, with a high content of polyphenols in association with NBCs characterized by antimicrobial action, could represent a future therapy of oral disease in CKD patients.

Background: We compare the accuracy of new intraoral scanners (IOSs) in full-arch digital implant impressions. Methods: A master model with six scan bodies was milled in poly(methyl methacrylate), measured by using a coordinate measuring machine, and scanned 15 times with four IOSs: PrimeScan, Medit i500, Vatech EZ scan, and iTero. The software was developed to identify the position points on each scan body. The 3D position and distance analysis were performed. Results: The average and ± standard deviation of the 3D position analysis was 29 μm ± 6 μm for PrimeScan, 39 μm ± 6 μm for iTero, 48 μm ± 18 μm for Mediti500, and 118 μm ± 24 μm for Vatech EZ scan (p < 0.05). Conclusions: All IOSs are able to make a digital complete implant impression in vitro according to the average misfit value reported in literature (150 μm); however, the 3D distance analysis showed that only the Primescan and iTero presented negligible systematic error sources.

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), are common age-related diseases responsible for high disability. Disease-modifying treatments for AD and PD are still lacking, but symptomatic therapies are available, although limited by difficult administration and patients’ scarce compliance at later disease stages. Transbuccal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDSs) include chemical-physics biotechnologies and mechatronic approaches, allowing drug delivery via the transbuccal route, a strategy that may theoretically overcome the limitations imposed by conventional oral administration. In this review, we provided a snapshot of TDDSs, their mechanism of action, the existing subtypes, and their potential application in PD and AD patients. We found a variety of TDDSs, including tablets, solutions, sprays, patches, and the more sophisticated “mechatronic” IntelliDrug and OraFuse devices using a system of pumps and valves for continuous drug release. Several trials have been conducted either on models or patients to test the safety and efficacy of the antidementia and antiparkinsonian agents delivered by TDDSs, which produced encouraging results that suggest future application on a larger scale. Moreover, oral health has emerged as a fundamental prerequisite for the successful use of TDDSs. Accordingly, greater attention to oral hygiene is now due in patients with neurodegenerative disease.

Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage pathological condition, characterized by a genetic autosomal recessive transmission. The GD cause is the mutation of GBA1 gene, located on the chromosome 1 (1q21), that induces the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase with consequent abnormal storage of its substrate (glucosylceramide), in macrophages. The GD incidence in the general population varies from 1:40,000 to 1:60,000 live births, but it is higher in the Ashkenazi Jewish ethnicity (1:800 live births). In the literature, five different types of GD are described: type 1, the most common clinical variant in Europe and USA (90%), affects the viscera; type 2, characterized by visceral damage and severe neurological disorders; type 3, in which the neurological manifestations are variable; cardiovascular type; and, finally, perinatal lethal type. The most affected tissues and organs are the hematopoietic system, liver, bone tissue, nervous system, lungs, cardiovascular system and kidneys. Another aspect of GD is represented by oral and dental manifestations. These can be asymptomatic or cause the spontaneous bleeding, the post oral surgery infections and the bone involvement of both arches through the Gaucher cells infiltration into the maxilla and mandibular regions. The pharmacological treatment of choice is the enzyme replacement therapy, but the new pharmacological frontiers are represented by oral substrate reduction therapy, chaperone therapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy.

Aim: to investigate the correlation between growth tendency and different patient malocclusion, tonsillar grading, and tongue size (Mallampati index). Materials and Methods: The sample is composed of 64 males and 40 females; patients aged between 6 and 16 years (median age 11 years, IQR 9–13) were included. The final sample is therefore 104 patients. After the first orthodontic visit, all the children underwent a collection of documentation (photographs, digital arch models, and X-rays). Patients were classified according to their malocclusion, palatal conformation, tonsillar grading, and Mallampati index. Group comparisons were performed using Fisher’s test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The narrow palate was more frequent in those with Angle class III (p = 0.04), while the other variables considered (tonsillar grading, Mallampati, and lingual frenulum) were not significantly associated with dental class (p > 0.05). Furthermore, a different distribution of tonsillar grading was observed between subjects with normal palate and subjects with narrow palate, while no statistically significant association was found between the palatal shape and Mallampati index (p = 0.88). Conclusions: This study found that children with higher tonsillar grading had a higher prevalence of crossbite or narrow palate compared to other children at the same developmental stage. However, we did not observe any association between tonsil hyperplasia and the prevalence of class II malocclusion, anterior open bite, or patient divergence in this sample. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the Mallampati index and patients’ dental class, narrow palate, or divergence in this study.