ESTRATÉGIAS DE INTERVENÇÃO PO-LICIAL NO ESTADO CONTEMPORÂNEO O novo paradigma da violência MICHEL WIEVIORKA RESUMO: O autor procura redimensionar o conceito de violência dentro do atual estado de globalização mundial. Crise internacional, narcotráfico, derrocada do bloco socialista no leste europeu, políticas assistenciais de organismos internacionais, conceitos de desenvolvimento e de subdesenvolvimento, terrorismo, sectarismo político e religioso, novas conceituações culturais e sociais são temas trabalhados pelo autor com vistas ao estabelecimento de um novo paradigma da violência.

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Violence has been a central preoccupation for political and social scientists, and this paper begins with a critical appraisal of the classical approaches to the phenomenon of violence, showing how despite their considerable differences, they are not necessarily contradictory. Via engagement with the recent work of Randall Collins, the paper pays particular attention to the limits of symbolic interactionism. The paper then places the subject central to sociological analysis, showing how it is possible to avoid the determinism of classical sociology by exploring the meaning of violence for the subjects who use it, and how these meanings relate to the processes of subjectivation and desubjectivation.

Violence confronts us increasingly, everywhere: how are we to make sense of it? Its ubiquity begs the question of analytical differentiation. This article seeks to open the field by suggesting a fivefold typology: violence as loss of meaning; violence as non-sense; violence as cruelty; fundamental violence; and founding violence. The idea of analytically differentiating between types of violence cannot avoid the fact that sometimes victims are also perpetrators in other ways, and that even violent activity is not conducted only by essentially violent subjects. Violence needs to be connected to modernity and to problems of identity formation and not only to personal or collective risk.

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<p>En este artículo, el autor explica el racismo en general y en Francia en particular. Después de comentar los cambios del racismo de los años 70 a los 90 del siglo XX, explora las modalidades del mismo, a saber: institucional, cultural, religiosa, clásica y científica así como también el neoracismo. A partir de ello, el autor se cuestiona una serie de preguntas que servirán como hilos conductores de su exposición. Además, complementa este análisis al ubicar al nuevo el racismo como un producto de los procesos de globalización caracterizados por sus dimensiones nacionales e internacionales. Concluye que el racismo es más problemático hoy que antes, ya que crece en función de la evolución interna de las sociedades y de las fragmentaciones culturales de grupos diferentes con respecto a identidad, memoria, cultura, pertenencia étnica y religiosa, entre otros factores.</p>

Numerous approaches in the social sciences either refuse to consider or minimize the importance of conflict in community or else replace it with a Spencerian vision of the social struggle. Between these two extremes there is considerable space for us to consider conflict as a relationship; this is what differentiates it from modes of behaviour involving war and rupture. Sociology suggests different ways of differentiating various modes of social conflict. The question is not only theoretical. It is also empirical and historical: have we not moved, in a certain number of countries at least, from the industrial era dominated by a structural social conflict in which the working-class movement confronted the masters of labour, to a new era dominated by other types of conflict with distinctly more cultural orientations? Whatever the type of analysis, the very concept of conflict must be clearly distinguished from that of crisis, even if materially the two coexist in social reality.