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Intestinal LymphangiectasiaA boy presented at the age of 6 weeks with edema, hypoproteinemia, and increased fecal a1-antitrypsin, suggestive of protein-losing enteropathy due to intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL). A treatment was started with a diet high in medium-chain triglycerides and proteins, and low in long-chain triglycerides, resulting in disappearance of the edema and improvement of the laboratory findings. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy performed at the age of 4 years could not confirm the diagnosis of IL. He was referred at the age of 7 years to undergo a video capsule endoscopy (VCE) to confirm the still suspected diagnosis of IL. The VCE (Given Imaging,

This is a narrative review, largely of randomized trials on the impacts of probiotics. It concludes that evidence for beneficial effects of selected probiotics in the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders is limited mainly to acute gastroenteritis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, infantile colic and necrotizing enterocolitis.  However, there is no broad consensus to recommend the use of probiotics in the prevention of these conditions, mainly because of the different designs used in different studies, resulting in limited evidence for specific strains, dosages and indications. More well-designed studies utilizing standardized methodologies are needed before recommendations can be proposed. At this stage, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of probiotics in infants and children for the prevention of gastro-intestinal disorders.

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