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However, when focusing on the shifts in urban hierarchies over time, a more dynamic approach is required, with regard to both the nature and causes of city AbstractThis paper uses empirical evidence from the Balkan peninsula during the 1981-2001 period, in order to study the dynamic patterns of a conflict-affected city-size distribution. By examining the time variations of the Pareto exponent on the one hand and by exploring cities' relative growth patterns and intradistribution mobility on the other, the paper shows that city growth dynamics follow a 'hybrid' pattern, where city size fi lters the effects of external shocks. City-size dynamics thus seem more complex than that predicted by random growth or endogenous growth theories. In the Balkan peninsula, during the 1981-2001 period, medium-sized city demographics have resisted external shocks due to confl icts, redrawing of national frontiers and institutional upheaval better than large conglomerations. However, this does not lead to convergence towards a steady city size.
The aim of this paper is to study elderly migration in France. First, it analyses whether the decision to migrate relies upon individual characteristics. Second, it examines the ways in which the economic, social and environmental characteristics of the French territories determine the retirees' choice of localization. The paper draws upon a unique database of 12.67 million French inhabitants, with information about their personal attributes and locational choices from 2003 to 2008. It also uses an original database with locational characteristics for the French territories at the level of the 364 zones d'emploi. This is the only study on regional migration in France which builds upon such a thin spatial level of analysis. The paper builds empirical probit and Heckman models dealing with selection bias and endogeneity bias issues. The paper shows that retirees usually leave large agglomerations and old industrial areas in Northern France and the Paris agglomeration and relocate to socially and environmentally attractive zones with preferable climates. When studying the migration patterns within the zones d'emploi, it appears that the most vulnerable zones, which display a lower quality of collective services as well as higher income disparities and crime rates, feature lower elderly residential mobility.
Reunion Island is a small French island located in the Indian Ocean, 900km off the East coast of Madagascar in the Southern hemisphere. The population is 800,000 inhabitants and will rise to one million in 20 years. The total area of the island is 2,500 km 2 with only 313 km 2 available for urbanization. The climate is tropical with a summer season and a mild winter season. Only a few sustainable cities' projects in tropical areas have been listed so far. The purpose of this study is thus to present the-in progress-Beauséjour sustainable town project. The plan is to build a new town in a 0.8 km 2 area in the North of Reunion Island, with 2,300 residential units. The whole town is being built by a local private CBo Territoria whose business model allows an original planning and management of sustainable cities. The study mainly deals with the aspects of planning and managing the sustainable town. It both retraces the regional rules context that lead to the project and how the town is being planned and managed; this includes the iterative reflection between the developer-contractor, real-estate developers (housing and services sector) and assets and properties management. One of the original aspects in the methodology is how the management of the city is questioned regarding the project itself. The expected results covert the three pillars of the sustainable development. The main objective is the creation of a living town center, where the all the five functions will "collide". This led us to the social diversity and the transportation aspects where the project is acting as an innovative catalyzer and lastly the environmental part with green design building and multiple green spaces.
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