Urinary incontinence in the general population occurs in 7% of non-pregnant women under 39 years old, 17% of those 40 to 59 years old, and 23–32% of those over 60 years old. In athletes the prevalence is higher, especially in high-impact training and gravity sports. Pelvic floor muscles (PFM) have two important roles; they serve as the support for abdominal organs and are crucial for closure of the urethra, vagina and rectum. We present the proper mechanisms of PFM caudal contractions with proper abdominal muscle control to avoid excessive intra-abdominal pressure. Pelvic floor sonography is discussed as the only objective method for pelvic floor examination among sportswomen and a tool which should be used routinely by urophysiotherapists and urogynecologists. A multidisciplinary individualized approach to stress urinary incontinence among athletes is presented including: physiotherapy, diagnostic imaging, use of a pessary, tampons, pharmacologic and surgical treatment. We present guidelines for stress urinary incontinence treatment in sportswomen of different age.
IntroductionThis study is designed to assess the percentage share of musculus obliquus externus abdominis, musculus obliquus internus abdominis and musculus transversus abdominis activity among women with stress urinary incontinence using ultrasonography.Material and methodsMaterial and methods: The study is a retrospective analysis of prospective collected data of 84 women aged 23-62 years old. In the study group are women suffering from grade 1 or 2 stress urinary incontinence according to the Stamey classification, the control group consists of women with no micturition disorders. The abdominal muscles activity was measured by using the ultrasound imaging with assessment of muscle thickness.ResultsThe analysis of musculus obliquus externus abdominis in anterolateral abdominal wall activity shows a statistically significant difference between study and control group concerning isometric tension of abdominal muscles (p=0,012) and lower part of abdomen tension (p=0,004). Women with stress urinary incontinence present a higher activity of the musculus obliquus externus abdominis than controls. In the case of the musculus obliquus internus abdominis, statistically significant differences were shown during tension of the lower part of the abdomen (p=0,024). Comparison of activity of the musculus transversus abdominis between study and control groups shows a statistically significant difference during isometric tension of abdominal muscles (p=0,018).ConclusionsThe pattern of activity of the assessed muscles differs between the study group and the control group. In the study group, the activity pattern is concerning the higher activity of the musculus obliquus externus abdominis and the lower activity of the musculus obliquus internus abdominis and musculus transversus abdominis.
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IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has affected different communities, yet the data on its impact on cyclists, is scarce.Material and methodsThe present study assessed the training patterns of pro and advanced amateur cycling athletes in Poland (n=130) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the pre-pandemic season and in relation to their epidemiological situation and quality of life factors.ResultsThe volume and weekly frequency of training was not decreased during the pandemic. However, their High-Intensity Interval Trainings (weekly 31.6 vs. 37.0 min, p=0.004) and maximum weekly Training Stress Score (660 vs. 715, p=0.001) decreased. Compared to uninfected cyclists, those who contracted the SARS-CoV-2 registered a higher score in the somatic, social and environmental domain of the WHO-QoL questionnaire (56.1 vs. 50.6, p=0.024; 74.1 vs. 63.6, p=0.032 and 72.5 vs. 65.9, p=0.018, respectively); no changes were observed in the psychologic domain Change in the weekly frequency of training, volume, time spent in >90% and 80-90% of HRmax (min) correlated positively only with the somatic domain of the WHO-QoL. The training pattern of cyclists who experienced death to COVID-19 among their relatives remained unaffected, but they presented a lower psychologic domain in the WHO-QoL (64.5 vs. 69.2, p=0.02).ConclusionsCycling pro and advanced amateurs maintained their volume and frequency of training but reduced its intensity during the pandemic compared to 2019. Changes were more likely to be affected by their physical status than by their psychogenic condition. The pandemic had a limited effect on the training pattern of cycling athletes.
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