Biodiversity is not homogenously distributed over the globe, and ecosystems differ strongly in the number of species they provide. With this special issue we highlight the ecology and endangerment of one of the most diverse ecosystem of Europe: the European grassland ecosystems. The selected 16 contributions describe interactions from below-ground to the atmosphere and focus on (1) effects of abiotic and biotic on species diversity, (2) the impact of various factors along spatial and temporal gradients, (3) the

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Disturbance history determines current beetle diversity • Deadwood amount and canopy openness play key roles • Diversity measures respond to different disturbance characteristics • Disturbance effects are diverse across temporal scales

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