Karrikins (KARs) have been identified as molecules derived from plant material smoke, which have the capacity to enhance seed germination for a wide range of plant species. However, KARs were observed to not only impact seed germination but also observed to influence several biological processes. The plants defected in the KARs signaling pathway were observed to grow differently with several morphological changes. The observation of KARs as a growth regulator in plants leads to the search for an endogenous KAR-like molecule. Due to its simple genomic structure, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) helps to understand the signaling mechanism of KARs and phenotypic responses caused by them. However, different species have a different phenotypic response to KARs treatment. Therefore, in the current work, updated information about the KARs effect is presented. Results of research on agricultural and horticultural crops are summarized and compared with the findings of Arabidopsis studies. In this article, we suggested that KARs may be more important in coping with modern problems than one could imagine.
Peatlands are one of the most important ecosystems due to their biodiversity and abundant organic compounds; therefore, it is important to observe how different plant species in peatlands react to changing environmental conditions. Sphagnum spp. are the main component of peatlands and are considered as the creator of conditions favorable for carbon storage in the form of peat. Sphagnum angustifolium and Sphagnum fallax are taxonomically very close species. To examine their adaptability to climate change, we studied the morphology and pigment content of these two species from environmental manipulation sites in Poland, where the environment was continuously manipulated for temperature and precipitation. The warming of peat was induced by using infrared heaters, whereas total precipitation was reduced by a curtain that cuts the nighttime precipitation. Morphology of S. angustifolium stayed under climate manipulation relatively stable. However, the main morphological parameters of S. fallax were significantly affected by precipitation reduction. Thus, this study indicates S. angustifolium is better adapted in comparison to S. fallax for drier and warmer conditions. Climate change is appearing to be the biggest problem of this century. It is estimated that anthropogenic activities have caused global warming by approximately 1.0 °C in comparison with the pre-industrial era. The global warming rate is currently estimated to be 0.2 °C per decade; therefore, it is a high probability that the average global temperature may reach 1.5 °C higher in between 2032 and 2050 1. Rainfall patterns affect surface wetness and water availability to plants; therefore, its alteration may directly impact the primary productivity 2. In this changing environmental condition, plants may either adapt, move to suitable climatic conditions, or may get extinct 3. With the change in plant species composition, the ecosystem may also lose its identity and can turn into a different ecosystem with changing environmental conditions 4. Therefore, to understand the faith of the ecosystem in changing environmental conditions, it is crucial to study the behavior of different plant species. Due to their high carbon storage capacity, peatlands are considered to be one of the most important ecosystems 5. Peatlands cover only around 4 million km 2 what amounts to 3% of the world's terrestrial area, but contains around one-third of the terrestrial carbon 6. About 80% of the world's peatlands occur in the northern hemisphere 7 , and they constitute about 515 000 km 2 in Europe 6. Due to their high carbon storage, peatlands have attracted a lot of attention to environmental scientists 8-10. It is still uncertain that under new climatic conditions (due to warming and changed precipitation) pristine peatlands will work like carbon sink or they will become a
The present study aimed to evaluate fresh spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as a growing medium in soilless strawberry cv. ‘Honeoye’ production. Fresh SMS after commercial production of Agaricus bisporus, Lentinus edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus was used as a peat substitute in 15 and 25% (v/v), for strawberry cultivation in an unheated plastic tunnel. In the experiment, seven different substrates were studied, including peat (100%) as control and six substrate combinations (prepared by mixing SMSs with peat). The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design in five replicates. The results indicated that the electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and nutrient content varied among the studied substrates. The experiment also demonstrated that the substrates significantly influenced strawberry yield, leaf area, and fresh and dry plant weights. However, no significant differences were observed for selected photosynthetic parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, and PIabs) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values among the evaluated substrates. Differences were recorded for the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) and Modified Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index (MCARI) values. The present investigation revealed that fresh SMSs can be an effective and inexpensive peat substitute in 15 and 25% (v/v). Therefore, such easy and immediate utilisation of SMSs could overcome associated disposal problems.
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